Historic, Archive Document
Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.
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BETTER FRUIT
Volume XFS^
APKIL, 1920
Number 10
FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE :
Growing the Almond in California Dusting and tKe Spray Gun Cold Storage Investigations Cultivating the LoganbernJ)
Low Temperatures and Fruit Buds
l_ I B R /\ R Y
FARM MANAGEMENT * r.v-n 1 1Q9G ^
THE BARTLETT PEAR
Of all the varieties of pears the Bartlett has assumed the most important place'in the fruit market during the past tv?o ^ears. Reports from California arc to <he effect diat canners are already offering high prices for the coming season's crop.
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April, 1920
BETTER FRUIT
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BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
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It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that if you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by IVIILDEW or RED SPIDERS.
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EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS
OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist.
WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist; 0. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pullman.
COLORADO — C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins.
ARIZONA— E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist, Tucson.
WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. Ball, Madison.
MONTANA — H. Thomber, Victor.
CAIjJFORNIA— C. W. Woodwortli, Entomologist, Berke- ley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batclielor. Horticulturist, Riverside.
INDIANA— H. S. Jackson, Patholoffist, Lafayette.
An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing.
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Volume XIV
Portland, Oregon, April 1, 1920
Number 10
The Growing and Culture of Almonds in California
By R. H. Taylor Published by the College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California
THE almond (prunus communis) is supposed to be native to the coun- tries around the Mediterranean and at present the bulk of the world's supply is produced in that region. It re- sembles the peach somewhat in manner of growth and character of blossoms and leaves, but the wood is much harder and the tree is longer-lived under equally favorable conditions. The fruit, instead of having a thick, fleshy peri- carp as in the case of the peach, has a thin, leathery pericarp or hull, which splits on ripening and generally opens when dry, exposing the nut inside.
California produces over 98 per cent of the entire American crop and has done so for many years. During the period from 1900 to 1913 the number of bearing trees remained approxi- mately the same, new plantings having replaced old orchards that were being pulled out. The variation in Califor- nia production from year to year prior to 1915, is due to seasonal variations rather than to change in acreage.
With the 1915 crop the production in California entered upon what ap- pears to be a long prospective increase. The large acreage of almonds set out in the last four or five years is the result of greatly improved market conditions due to the successful work of the Cali- fornia Almond Growers' Exchange. The first of these new plantings are now coming into bearing, and each year for many years in the future will continue to see increased yields. Large acreages are still being planted so that the al- mond production in California bids fair to continue to grow.
Within the next few years California growers will, in all probability, be forced to accept lower prices for their almonds than they are now receiving. The American markets are fully sup- plied at present prices, yet constantly increasing acreage will inevitably re- sult in a greatly increased tonnage. European almonds are being produced at a lower net cost and can be laid dowi) on the Atlantic Coast more cheap- ly than is possible with the California product. This brings the grower face to face with the necessity of becoming more thoroughly familiar with the most economical methods of production and marketing if they are to continue to
make a profit. It is essential, therefore, that a careful study be made of all the factors concerned in the growth, pro- duction and final disposition of the al- mand crop.
Habits
The almond is the first of the decid- uous fruit trees to start growth and come into bloom in the spring, and normally the last one to shed its leaves in the fall. In other words, it has a very short period of rest. When the trees are forced into premature dor- mancy by mites or lack of moisture, they soon reach the end of their normal rest period before the winter season is over. Then the first warm weather in spring will bring the trees into blos- som. In some cases where moisture and temperature conditions are favor- able late in the fall, they may actually blossom before the winter season. In young trees that have become dormant unusually early, the rest period may terminate and then the tips of the branches resume growth and continue to slowly develop new leaves at the
terminals throughout the winter. Trees which have been kept growing thriftily until the leaves have been forced to fall by the cold weather and frosts of win- ter, do not tend to blossom as early in the spring, nor do they open under the influence of a few days of warm wea- ther in late winter or early spring.
Young trees blossom somewhat later than the older trees, and buds on sucker growth blossom later than the more mature portions of the same tree. The difference may amount to three or four days or almost a week. Well-grown trees carry large numbers of blossoms over the entire tree.
The wood of the almond is very hard and strong, enabling the tree to bear the weight of heavy crops where prun- ing has been given proper attention during the formative period of the young tree. As with other fruit trees, the almond is subject to heart-rot and care should always be exercised to pre- vent the checking and cracking of large wounds and consequent infection with decay organisms. The hardness of the
Courtesy College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California
Typical hillside orchard of Jordan almonds near Los Gatos. Trees are variable in size and some are missing. In the right foreground is a typical spot of missing trees resulting from oak fungus infection.
Page 4
BETTER FRUIT
April, Ip20
Courtesy College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California
Showing almond trees that have been deheaded and topworked. This illustration shows the trees after the tops have had two seasons' growth and just after they
had been pruned.
wood makes it the finest kind of fuel and when old orchards are being dug up the returns from the sale of wood often more than pay for the expense of digging and cutting up the trees and burning the brush.
The nuts are of two general classes — sweet and bitter almonds. The former is primarily the almond of commerce, though the latter is used largely in the manufacture of almond oil and almond flavoring, as well as in the manufacture of prussic acid. The bitter almond is also used largely in nurseries as a root- stock upon which to bud the almond and some other fruits.
For a long time there has been con- siderable evidence to show that some varieties are always self-sterile while a few are sometimes self-fertile. Work done in 1916 and 1917 by Prof. Tufts shows that practically all varieties are self-sterile and that some of the self- sterile varieties are also inter-sterile. In these tests the principal commercial varieties were used. Blossoms of each variety were pollenized with pollen from its own blossoms and from each of the others. Checks were for natural pollination with each variety. The im- portant results of this work are briefly summarized as follows:
The Nonpariel and I.X.L. are inter- sterile, although both are inter-fertile with the Ne Plus Ultra.
The Languedoc and Texas are inter- sterile.
The I.X.L. and Peerless are practically inter-sterile.
The California has proved the best pollenizer thus far tested, for all varie- ties that bloom near it.
The Drake is inter-fertile with the Nonpareil, I.X.L., Ne Plus Ultra, Peer- less and Jordan, the only ones tested.
The I.X.L. is inter-fertile with the Drake, Jordan, California, Languedoc, Ne Plus Ultra and Texas.
The Ne Plus Ultra is inter-fertile with the California, Drake, I.X.L., Languedoc and Nonpareil.
Requirements Whil^ the almond is in many ways an easy tree to grow where conditions are favorable, it is more particular in its requirements than most common or- chard fruits, and the grower may find
it difficult to produce a good, thrifty tree unless he chooses the proper loca- tion. Very often it will grow well and make a fine healthy tree, but owing to unfavorable conditions, will not bear regularly, if at all.
Climate
Heat — Where the conditions of soil and moisture are favorable the almond will endure the intense heat of the in- terior valleys and even of the Imperial Valley, provided it is pruned properly to shade the main branches so as to pre- vent sunburn. Where trees, by severe pruning, are opened up suddenly to the intense heat of the summer sun, al- monds will sunburn, but if the neces- sary opening up is done gradually, the bark will become inured to the new conditions without danger. The nuts grow and ripen more satisfactorily in the greater heat of the interior than along the coast.
Frost — The almond tree is hardy and will endure fully as much cold as the hardiest peach without injury. Trees are found growing well in Illinois, Ohio, New York and other Eastern states. In very favorable seasons they may even bear fruit, though this hap- pens very seldom, due to the extremely early habit of blooming before the spring frosts are over. The first warm weather seems to start the trees into
Courtesy College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California
Typical Ne Plus Ultra a!mond tree in University Farm orchard at Davis, California,
nine years old.
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 3
bloom, especially where the enforced dormant season of winter is very long.
The blossoms, on the other hand, are very tender. There is a great range in the degree of frost which will cause injury, depending largely on the condi- tion of the tree during the time that the fruit buds are forming and developing, as well as on the duration and severity of the frost. Buds and blossoms on trees which have been forced into premature dormancy, either by lack of moisture or by severe attacks of red spider, are much more susceptible to frost than those on trees which have continued growth late enough in the fall to pro- vide for the proper development and maturity of the buds. After differentia- tion of fruit buds commences in the summer, the almond leaves should re- main on the tree until late into the fall in order to strengthen and develop the fruit buds and store up the elaborated food material for the use of the buds in their normal development through the winter. Studies of almond buds gathered from healthy trees which held their leaves until late fall frosts at Davis, showed the first evidence of dif- ferentiation between fruit and flower buds commencing about August 18, while the flower was not completely developed until February 18 following. During the intervening time develop- ment proceeded unchecked through the winter even though the tree was ap- parently dormant. During the time the crop is ripening on the trees, little is done toward storing food material for the buds. If the leaves turn yellow or drop soon after harvest, the trees do not have the opportunity of storing a sufficient supply of plant food for their normal requirements and the buds are insufficiently nourished during the winter period. The resulting buds arc weakened and the indications are thai they are unable to endure unfavorable climatic conditions in the spring, such as light frosts, continued cold weather
Courtesy College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California Illustration showing some of the almond varieties grown in California.
or sudden changes from warm to cold weather.
The most tender stage in the blossom- ing and development of the young fruit seems to be immediately following the dropping of the calyx lobes from the young fruit as it first commences to swell rapidly. The blossom becomes more and more tender as it opens out and reaches the above stage. After the young fruit has attained the size of a pea it rapidly becomes more resistant to low temperatures. Blossoms with the petals exposed but not yet opened have been known to stand temperatures of 24 degrees F. and blossoms with petals beginning to fall have stood 28 degrees F. No records are available as to the duration of these temperatures.
Courtesy College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California Harvesting ;ilmonds by knocking onlo sheets spread on the ground.
In other cases, blossoms with the petals falling have been killed by tempera- tures of 30 and 31 degrees F. It must be remembered in this connection that the almond blooms earlier than other orchard fruits and, therefore, is often subjected to much more severe frosts than occur during the blooming period of the later fruits. The greatest injury is likely to occur when a frost follows one or more days of warm weather. ^^^len the mean temperature both day and night remains low, frosts that might otherwise kill the flowers or set- ting fruit do no harm. This is what occurred in February, 1917, at the Uni- versity farm, when repeated frosts at blooming time did not harm whatever.
In determining the desirability of a location in regard to its freedom from frost, the possibility of adequate air drainage is an important item. For this reason the lands along the lower foothills immediately above the floor of the valleys are ordinarily much less subject to frost — because the cold air is free to drain away to the lower levels. Generally the lands along the banks of streams which have been built up high- er than the other lands of the Great Valleys through which they flow, are less subject to frost by reason of the natural flow of the cold air from them to the lower lands adjacent. For the same reason the planting of almonds in the lower lands of the valleys, no mat- ter how large the valleys may be, should be avoided, unless the locality has been thoroughly tested for a long period of years and has proved to be an exception to the rule because of some peculiar situation with favoring air currents or air drainage, such as might exist near a natural draw in the hills where the settling of the cold air in some portions of the adjacent valley might be prevented. Such locations are generally confined to very small areas. Oftentimes an opening or draw in the hills may serve as an outlet for the
Page 6
BETTER FRUIT
April, IQ20
drainage of much colder air from con- siderably higher elevations beyond, and then the danger from frost is very greatly increased. This is very com- mon where cafions act as drains to conduct the cold air from the high Si- erras to the valleys below.
Variable weather conditions, and especially as regards temperature in the spring after growth commences, are highly undesirable. Warm weather immediately followed by cold tends to produce sour-sap, fruit drop and kin- dred physiological ills. Oftentimes crops have been lost where no frosts occurred after blooming commenced, simply due to sudden changes in the weather. However, it is highly prob- able that the greater portion of the trouble with fruit dropping, when of the size of peas or larger, is due to im- proper pollination. When the soil is not sufficiently well drained at such a time, the sour-sap effect is greatly aug- mented.
Humidity — Foggy or moist weather during ripening or harvesting is higly objectionable. The nuts do not dry oul rapidly enough on the trees to prevent the growth of molds and consequent darkening of the shells. The nuts then require much heavier bleaching to brighten them properly for the demands of the market. The damp weather pre- vents the rapid and thorough drying- out of the kernel; the sulphur fumes are absorbed by the moist kernel and it sometimes becomes rancid before it is six months old.
Much damp weather in the spring encourages the growth of "shothole" fungus in the blossoms and fruit, often causing the loss of a considerable por- tion of the crop; the loss of leaf surface from the fungus infection is sometimes so great as to materially affect the vigor and vitality of the tree.
Rainfall — It is impossible to state any definite amount of rainfall which will or will not maintain the trees and en- able them to bear regular crops of nuts, for so much depends not only on the variation in rainfall in different sec- tions and in different years, as regards distribution throughout the year, but also on the time and intensity of the fall, the character of the weather fol- lowing the rains and the ability of the soil to receive and retain the rain that falls. Ordinarily, however, with the above factors favorable, it is conceded that where the winter rainfall averages sixteen inches, almonds can generally be grown without supplementing the water supply by irrigation, if the or- chardist exercises reasonable care to conserve the moisture for the use of the trees. Where the rainfall is inadequate some means of irrigation must be found to make up the deficit.
In some sections the annual rainfall varies greatly from year to year. Often it falls in such a way that a large pro- portion of it is lost in the surface run- off. In many places the soil is so leachy that it is incapable of holding sufficient water for the use of the trees through- out the summer, much of the winter rainfall being lost in the underground drainage. Under either of these condi- tions, 40 inches of rainfall might not
be sufficient. Very often winter rains are followed by desiccating winds so that a considerable portion of the rain which falls is lost by evaporation be- fore anything can be done to hold it.
Continued rainy, damp and cold wea- ther at the time of blooming is apt to sour the pollen or actually wash it away and thus prevent the fertilization of the blossoms, without which a crop is impossible. Bees and other insects are the principal means of accomplish- ing the pollination of almonds and such weather prevents them from working.
Soil
The almond is a deep-rooting tree and draws heavily upon the plant-nour- ishing elements of the soil. In ripening the large' number of seeds which it is required to do, the tree must draw upon a considerable area of soil in order to supply the large amount of mineral mat- ter that is needed to develop and ma- ture the seeds. Analyses of almonds, as compared with other commonly grown fruits and nuts, made by Colby, show that the almond leads in the total quan- tity of mineral matters withdrawn from the soil. Colby further states that "The stone fruits fall much below the al- mond in total ash (mineral matter) ex- cepting the olive, the ash of which, however, is largely silica (nearly eight- tenths), an ingredient so plentifully distributed in all soils that it is of no pecuniary value." The table given il- lustrates this statement.
These figures suggest the necessity of having a deep, rich, well-drained soil for best results. For this reason and because of the deep-rooting habit of the almond, the soil should be at least ten or twelve feet deep.
Hardpan — Compacted substrata in the soil, whether they be hard clay layers or cemented layers of silicious, ferru- ginous or calcareous origin, are ob- jectionable. They not only prevent the roots frorn foraging to a considerable depth as they normally tend to do, but they prevent proper drainage and aera- tion of the soil. If such layers are comparatively thin, that is, not more than two or three feet thick at the most, they may be shattered with dyna- mite so as to allow the moisture, air and roots to penetrate to the better soil below. Hardpan, therefore, should be avoided where it is too thick to be broken up or where it is not underlaid by desirable soil.
Humus — A plentiful supply of humus in the soil is essential. It not only improves the physical condition of the soil, but assists drainage, moisture re- tention and in rendering the plant food available in sufficient quantities for the use of the trees and for the maturing
of full crops of almonds. Many or- chards have been very light producers year after year because of a deficiency of humus in the soil.
Drainage — The almond root is very particular as to its air and moisture requirements in the soil. It will not endure standing water in the soil for any length of time, especially during the growing season. Exclusion of air by excessive moisture is believed to be one of the most productive causes of "sour-sap." If allowed to continue for any length of time such conditions will cause the death of many or even all the roots and with them the top.
Water Table — A factor which is very commonly overlooked in connection with the natural drainage of almond lands is the position of the water table at different seasons of the year. Great care must be exercised in choosing a location to be sure that the water table does not rise during the summer. This is a very serious problem in many irri- gated sections. Where the water table during the winter months is less than 12 feet in depth it is highly desirable to have as little fluctuation as possible. Where fluctuations take place at a greater depth than 12 feet they are not generally serious. The ideal condition is where the water table is highest in winter and quickly drops after the win- ter rains are over, to a depth of from 10 to 12 or 15 feet, remaining at that point during the remainder of the grow- ing season.
The soil in addition to being well drained, must be sufficiently retentive of moisture to supply the tree through- out a long, dry growing season. If the soil will not retain a sufficient amount of the winter and spring rains, recourse must be had to irrigation to supply the deficiency.
Alkali — Alkali lands are unsuited to almond culture and should be carefully avoided.
In summarizing the soil requirements for almond culture, it may be stated that the ideal almond soil is a medium loam, uniform in texture, or nearly so, to a depth of at least twelve feet, well drained and yet retentive of moisture for the use of the tree during the sum- mer. Fortunately some of the best almond soils are situated along stream banks where the land is relatively high, and is, therefore, less subject to frost. These streams flowing from the moun- tains and foothills have built up their own beds by the detritus brought fromi the hills. The coarser particles being deposited first and nearest the stream itself, make the better drained soils, while the finer particles and the clays, deposited further back from the bank Continued on page 40.
SOIL INGREDIENTS EXTRACTED BY THE ALMOND, AS COMPARED WITH OTHER ORCHARD TREES, AS SHOWN BY ANALYSES OF 1,000 POUNDS EACH OF THE CROPS IN A FRESH CONDITION.
Phosphoric
Potash, Lime, Acid, Total Ash, Nitrogen,
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
Almond (hulled) 5.49 1.72 4.33 15.00 16.40
Almond (not hulled) 9.95 1.04 2.04 17.29 17.01
Walnut (hulled) 1.50 1.81 2.78 7.50 10.20
Walnut (not hulled) 8.18 1.55 1.47 12.98 5.41
Chestnut (hulled) 3.72 .71 1.89 8.20 8.00
Chestnut (not hulled) 3.67 1.20 1.58 9.52 6.40
Prunes (green) 2.66 .13 .53 4.03 1.48
Apricots (green) 2.83 .18 .71 5.16 2.29
Olives 8.85 2..32 1.18 94.63* 5.85
* 80.7 pounds of which is silica.
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 7
Dusting and the Spray Gun in Calyx Worm Control
By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Pathologist, Hood River Experiment Station
EVER since the late Dr. A. J. Cook carried on some calyx worm con- trol experiments in Michigan a half century ago entomologists have argued relative to the way and in the amounts this poison becomes estab- lished in the calyx cups. The correct type of nozzle and the kind of spray necessary to accomplish best results have been a much mooted question. In this connection some of our more en- thusiastic colleagues have even gone so far as to believe that one well-timed calyx application would be sufficient to handle the codling moth under ordinary seasons of infestation.
Observations made by investigators in different parts of the country during recent years have pointed out that the percentage of calyx entrants is a very variable factor during different sea- sons in different sections. It has been the writer's observation that during some seasons a very high percentage of the worms enter through the calyx and during others the reverse would be true. During the past season the worms en- tered in about equal proportions through the calyx and side on Spitzen- bergs, while in Newtowns, side en- trants occurred in a much larger pro- portion. From information that I have received from various sources a condi- tion of this sort was quite general throughout the Northwest during the past year.
It is not my purpose to in any way depreciate the importance of the calyx application in the minds of orchardists. The more stress that we can lay upon this and the cover sprays the better will be the results. However, over- emphasis of the calyx application has been harmful in that it has had a tend- ency to depreciate (in the minds of the growers) the value of cover sprays and much worminess has been the result.
The writer has been keeping in very close touch with codling moth activities in Hood River for six years. During the past four years experimental work with dust and sprays of various sorts have been under observation.
The dusting method of applying ar- senate of lead and sulphur to apples for the control of various insects and plant diseases created much interest follow- ing the publication of the work of Red- dick and Crosby (Bulletins 354 and 369, Agricultural Experiment Station, Cor- nell University) in 1914 and 1915. The results of their work indicated that apple insects and diseases of import- ance in the East, other than San Jose scale and the various apple aphids could be controlled in about the same degree as with the liquid. In the West we have to add to this list of uncon- trollable troubles, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and the leaf roller as well as a few minor insect pests. This fact places very decided limit upon the general utility of the method and makes it a means of general control that we cannot recommend. The results of Reddick and Crosby
are especially interesting to me as I have been able to duplicate their re- sults with scab and codling moth con- trol during the four years of the inves- tigation. To the entomologist working on codling moth control, these results should be decidedly significant. Red- dick and Crosby do not go into the critical analysis of the proportions of calyx and side worms yet their good results indicate that they accomplished calyx worm control. How can the ad- vocate of the so-called driving calyx spray explain this control? The writ- er's work shows that this control is very decidedly accomplished. The dust cannot be driven. Quiet air-atmosphere is the carrying medium used in placing the dust particles on the surfaces which require protection. A wonderful coat- ing can be given a tree even to its up- permost branches. Upper and under- surfaces of the leaves as well as the fruit alike are covered. This air con- veyor being in motion a slight breeze, very light, upsets the plans of proced- ure. A breeze makes it almost impos- sible to hit the tops and even if this
were accomplished the particles are moved past the surfaces so fast that only a very small percentage sticks. The remainder passes on and is wasted for the most part. "SMien the air is quiet these particles will hover for a long time over a tree and gradually settle. Air currents destroy the plan of the system and applications made under such conditions can only result in dis- aster.
In order to avoid windy conditions it was found necessary to dust very early in the mornings; a calm usually occurs in most sections of the valley during this period of the day. However, with us during the spring months it is not uncommon for a wind of varying de- gree to occur continuously for several days at a time. Many times in the carry- ing out of the experimental work the dusting had to be postponed for more favorable weather. We are all familiar with the fact that successful applica- tions of spray cannot be delayed to any great extent and at the same time ac-
complish results. Several of our grow- ers have used the dusting method; for the most part their work has been done regardless of air movement. In 1918 the condition of the fruit in one of these orchards was checked up; a 33 per cent injury from the codling moth was found. None of the growers of the valley have depended upon the system during the past year. On account of the many handicaps and difficulties en- countered I do not recommend the method to our growers except those lo- cated on steep hillsides and in sections where sufficient water for spraying is difficult to obtain.
The results, however, that have been obtained in calyx worm control have a very decided bearing on the results that can be expected with the spray gun when properly used. For this reason I will discuss some of the results that have been obtained in seasons past with both dust and liquid applications. These results are summarized on the accom- panying chart. In 1917 the unsprayed check trees in an orchard which had been quite wormy for several seasons.
developed an infestation of 65.13 per cent. Of this infestation 31.68 per cent were side worms and 68.32 per cent were calyx worms. The variety used in this set of experiments were Arkan- sas Blacks. This ratio did not hold true in all varieties. In an orchard of Spitzenbergs this ratio was 66.96 per cent side worms and 33.04 per cent calyx w^orms. In a Newtown block this ratio was 61.54 per cent to 38.46 per cent side and calyx worms respect- ively. In the block of Arkansas Blacks two dust experiments were checked against two blocks of trees sprayed with twelve foot rods. In experiments number 1 and 3 an early September ap- plication was omitted, resulting in a much more wormy condition than oc- curred in experiments 2 and 4. These different experiments are cited to show, that regardless of this marked differ- ence in worminess the general relation of side and calyx worms remains fairly constant, though with the increase in total worminess the chances of calyx
Apple blossoms just after the Almost too late for the most efifective
falling of petals; best time to treatment. Observe that the calyx cup
spray for codling moth. is nearly closed.
Page 8
BETTER FRQIT
April, IQ20
entrants also increases. The very marked difference between the figures obtained on the check trees as compared to both dusted and sprayed indicate the influences that are brought to bear in calyx worm control. Experiment 2 (dust) gave the best calyx worm con- trol during 1917 where the ratio was found to be 92.99 to 7.01, side and calyx' worms respectively. Experiment 4 (rods) followed with an 80 to 20 ratio. The gun was not tested in this orchard in 1917. These blocks, as has been stated, were sprayed extra in Septem- ber. The rods in the heavier infesta- tion gave slightly better calyx control, 73.55 per cent being side entrants as compared to 71.6 per cent in the dust block.
Dusting work was not continued in the Arkansas Black orchard in 1918 but was continued in a block of Newtowns in a different orchard. As will be noted in experiment 6 the check block for this series of experiments developed a 17.64 per cent infestation. During this season throughout the district a greater percentage of side worms entered than calyx worms. The unsprayed checks developed 7.3.29 per cent side worms as compared to but 26.7 per cent calyx worms. However, regardless of this rather small percentage of calyx worms the difference of amount in calyx worm control is again pointed out in the results obtained. During this season calyx entrants were cut down to 5.2 per cent in the dust block. These re- sults were checked against a block sprayed with a gun in the same orchard which developed but .44 per cent wormy fruit, and perfect control as far as calyx worm control is concerned. This work was continued in these same blocks in 1919, and though not pre- sented on the chart gave the following results. The check trees developed 80 per cent side and 20 per cent calyx infestation. The figures in the dust block are 96.77 per cent side worms and 3.22 per cent calyx worms. The gun block, however, upheld the 1918 per- formance and developed not a single calyx worm in the apples counted. The figures look too good but nevertheless these are the ones obtained. At this point I might add that this orchard outside of the experimental work that has been conducted with dust, has been sprayed with a gun only since 1917.
Before being too firmly convinced of the relative merits of calyx worm con- trol with dust and with spray gun a series of exueriments were arranged in 1919 to compare the merits of the gun and rod in an orchard which had been quite wormy for several years. The orchard which was chosen for this work suffered a loss of 20 to 30 per cent damage in 1918. In 1917 the loss was even greater. In the spring of 1919 many worms were found on the trunks of trees so there was no doubt but that there would be plenty of in- sects with which to work. Three blocks were chosen through the center of the orchard. One was sprayed with the gun throughout the season (experiment 10). Another was sprayed with twelve foot rods throughout the season (exper-
iment 11). Experiment 9 gives the re- sults obtained with the use of rods in the calyx application, guns being used for the other sprays. The varieties used in the tests were Jonathans, Newtowns, and Spitzenbergs. The trees were fif- teen years of age. This discussion, pre- sented in the accompanying table, with the exception given, includes the re- sults obtained in the Spitzenberg block only. The spray was applied by the owner and his hired man under the supervision of the writer who followed behind the men while the trees were being sprayed in each application. Two guns were used.
This experiment, however, included the Newtown variety only. The un- sprayed checks in this variety showed a much lower percentage of calyx worms, which naturally influences comparative ratios given in the table on a 3% horse- power outfit of well known make. The work was well done and well timed throughout the season. Five applica- tions of arsenate of lead were used dur- ing the year; the last one, as the season finally turned out, was not very import- ant. A summary of the results not only show that the gun held its own in ob- taining codling moth control but gave better control than the rods and also where the rods were substituted in the calyx application that the calyx cups might be filled. The check trees de- veloped an infestation of 53.6 per cent; the ratio of side to calyx worms was 45.16 to 54.83 per cent. In experiments 9 and 10 (rods in the calyx and guns in other applications) the percentage of calyx entrants was found to be prac- tically the same, .34 and .35 per cent. The ratio of side to calyx worms being 85.74 to 14.28 per cent for the rods and 84.24 to 15.71 per cent for the guns. It is interesting to note here that the field control obtained by the owner two rows away from the check trees ran .56 per cent wormy, the fruit being checked up at random at harvest time. This demonstrates what can be done in a badly infested orchard in a season.
Another point upon which there is no experimental information available is the matter of worm control in the tops of large trees with the guns. At picking time the fruit was segregated in the different experiments in lots from the ground to 12 feet and from 12 feet to the tops of the trees (experiment 12 and 13). The trees in question were quite tall, considerable fruit occurring from 20 to 25 feet from the ground. Up to a height of 20 feet effective control can be obtained, above this point, how- ever, effectiveness rapidly decreases. For example, in one tall tree 123 apples (which are included in the results giv- en in experiment 13) were picked at a heighth of 25 to 28 feet and 22 of them were found to be wormy. The results indicate that calyx worm control in the lower portion of the tree is su- perior to that obtained in the higher portions of the trees, yet the ratio of calyx control does not fall far below that of the average condition. In this experiment apples taken at a heighth of 12 feet to the tops of the trees devel- oped 81.13 per cent side worms and 18.86 per cent calyx worms.
From figures which I have been ac- cumulating it appears that the codling moth is inclined to deposit more eggs in the tops of the trees than nearer the ground. It is quite important then that the fruit should either not be grown at that heighth or should be very well sprayed in order to reduce worm infes- tation to the minimum.
The poor results that have been ob- tained with the spray gun are not due to the principal involved in applying the spray. Unsatisfactory control can be the result of the misuse of one of three — or perhaps better — the combin- ation of three misused factors. These are poor equipment, poor work and irregularity of application. Of the three factors the first mentioned is probably the most important from the standpoint of the use of the gun. The other two factors are contingent upon the first. The spray gun is a useless accessory on a poor spray outfit. It is little better than nothing and will never give good results. Our up-to-date 3% horse power sprayers are indeed too small to handle two guns effectively, they will handle one in good shape. A machine of this power, in order to throw a spray of the proper quality must maintain a pressure of at least 275 pounds. In the experi- mental work just referred to (orchard No. 4, table X) a machine of this char- acter was used. In order to keep the spray in proper form it was tuned up and punished throughout the season. "When you begin to punish a gas engine pump trouble begins, and the owner of this machine had his share. This condition of affairs existed in many or- chards throughout the valley and was typical of no particular make of spray- er. A spray machine, in order to live the life that it should and at the same time deliver the goods must have a liberal reserve. A machine of 10 horse power is none too much. Such spray machines are now coming into use and it will be only a question of a very few years until all of the present so-called modern sprayers will go into the dis- card. The results given in orchard No. 1, table VIII, were obtained with one of these larger types of sprayers.
The gun where operated with small inferior equipment has given a very poor account of itself. I have care- fully checked up the results obtained in several orchards where poor equipment has been used. The growers tried to do good work and timed their applica- tion well. Breakdowns and low press- ure, which is usually the rule when a machine is not working right has led to very poor results. The lower fruits as a rule came through the season in fairly good shape. In 1918 in one of these orchards under observation the following records were made. Apples growing below 12 feet developed a worm infestation of 3.55 per cent. Apples growing between 12 feet and the tops of the trees developed an in- festation of 17.63 per cent. There is only one explanation for this condition and that is the fact that the spray was not applied properly to the tops of the trees.
Continued on page 38.
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page p
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 10
BETTER FRUIT
April, Ip20
The Department of Agriculture Cold Storage Plant
By Lon A. Hawkins, Plant Physiologist, Office of Horticultural and Pomological Investigation, Bureau of Plant Industry,
United States Department of Agriculture
THE ever increasing demand for foodstuffs has led to the develop- ment of various methods of pre- serving and storing fruits and vege- tables in season for use when fresh products are not readily obtainable. One of the most important of these methods is that of cold storage, that is, the storing of fruit and vegetables at temperatures low enough to slow down the life processes but not in- hibit them. By such treatment the life of a fruit or vegetable, which might be only one or two weeks after removal from the plant, may be length- ened to several months, with only slight deterioration in its food value and attractiveness.
The mechanical phases of cold stor- age, that is, the means of producing and regulating low temperatures, are fairly well understood. Much less is known, however, concerning the reac- tion of the various kinds and varieties of fruits and vegetables to low temper- atures, though considerable experi- mental work has, of necessity, been done by commercial cold storages to determine the best temperatures for the keeping of produce.
It was this dearth of information con- cerning the effect of low storage temp- eratures on fruits and vegetables that led the office of Horticulture and Pomology of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry to plan and erect a cold storage plant to be used for experimental work. This plant was designed with rooms large enough to give approximately commercial conditions of storage but not so large that the cost of operation and equipment for experimental pur- poses would be prohibitive. The plant was designed by Mr. S. J. Dennis, a refrigerating engineer formerly con- nected with this office.
The building is 100 ft. by 44 ft. on the outside and is two stories high, being 22 ft. from the top of the first floor to the plate. The exterior of the building is shown in figure 1. The walls and floors are of monolithic con- crete. The gable roof is frame covered with fire proof shingles. The first floor of the plant, figure 2, is divided into engine room, storage space and handling room. The engine room is 26x42 ft. 4 inches inside, with an office about 10x12 ft. The ammonia compres- sion system of refrigeration is used and
large tank of calcium chloride brine which is pumped through coils in the refrigerating chambers by means of a motor driven centrifugal pump. A gasoline engine connected to a two and a half kilowatt direct current generator furnishes power to drive the brine pump motor in case of interruption of the electric service.
The storage rooms are located next to the engine room. They are arranged in two rows of four rooms each (see figure 1) and open out into the insulated and refrigerated corridors which run along
Figure 1— View of the experimental cold storage plant.
the engine room is equipped with two twelve-ton belt drive vertical ammonia compressors run by 25 horse, slow speed induction motors. A forty horse power gasoline engine is provided for auxiliary power in case of accident to the electric equipment. Refrigeration is by circulating brine. The ammonia expansion coils are immersed in a
both sides of the building. The rooms are about 8x14 ft. by 11 ft. 7 in. high over all, furnishing in round numbers 1300 ft. of space. The rooms are insu- lated with insulation made up of flax fiber, mineral wool and a binder. Four inches of insulation were laid on the outside corridor walls and the same on Continued on page 36.
Figure 2 — First floor plan of experimental cold storage plant, showing engine room, refrigeration chambers, unfinished refrigeration space
and handling room.
April, IQ20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 1
How S-W Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead was tested for Superiority
69.00 3.13 2.69 2.45 2.40 1.78 1.78 1.63
Unsprayed Sprayed with S-W
Arsenate of Lead
69.00% Wormy Fruit Reduced to 1.63%
IN an Oregon orchard the County Path- of trees were used. Two rows were left
ologist conducted a general insecticide entirely unsprayed, two were sprayed
test in a 12 year old Newton orchard with Sherwin-Williams Dry Powdered
near Phoenix. It was a year of serious Arsenateof Lead, and the remaining rows
Coddling Moth infection. Sixteen rows were sprayed with other insecticides.
2 Unsprayed Rows showed 69.00% Wormy Fruit 2 Sherwin-Williams Rows only 1.63% Wormy Fruit
At the end of the season the two unsprayed rows showed 69'^ wormy fruit; the Sherwin-Williams Rows only 1.63%; and the other insecticides ranged upto3.139^'.
This test proved the great value of spraying, and
Better Working Qualities
S-W Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead possesses maximum lightness and fluffiness. This results in maximum suspension, distribution and adhesiveness. It contains from 3 0 to 33% arsenic oxide, and less than I'^i water soluble arsenic. These properties and proportions assume maximum killing, without danger of injury to foliage or fruit. It works effectively on
while it developed three good sprays, it also proved that Sherwin-Williams Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead is the most effective control of moth in pre- venting wormy fruit. (Copy of letter from County Pathologist sent on request.)
all fruits and vegetables as a liquid spray or in the form of a dust. It also combines effectively with S-W Dry Powdered Lime Sulfur as a summer spray.
Save 15c. flight now, just 10c a:'/// bring you the'^new 25c Revised Sprayer^s Manual. Address The Sherwin- Williams Co., 602 Canal Road, IV. W., Cleveland,'Ohio.
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IHSECTICIDES, COLORS, DISINFECTANTS AND WOOD PRESERVATIVES
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 12
BETTER FRUIT
April, 1^20
Planting and Cultivating the Loganberry
By Britt Aspinwall
LOGANBERRIES are started from plants obtained by tipping the old vines in the fall of the year. The selection of plants in setting out a new yard is very essential, as a poor plant will make a weak vine, which will seldom, if ever, make much of a growth or amount to anything.
"We set our plants eight feet apart each way and cultivate them both ways during the first summer. This requires about 680 plants to the acre. Before setting them out the land should be put in first-class condition, then mark the ground both ways and take out a good shovelful of dirt for each plant, packing the loose dirt in around the roots with the hands so as to have them spread out as evenly as possible and keep them from drying out. We usually plant from the 25th of March to the middle of April, according to the season and the condition of the land. After the plants are set out they should be worked well each week or ten days during the summer with a disc harrow, springtooth and clodmasher to keep the ground loose and keep a dust mulch on the surface.
The vines will not make very much growth till about August, when they will begin to shoot out over the ground, and it will be necessary to turn them lengthwise of the rows and work the land only one way. At this time the holes should be dug and the posts set out for the trellis. We use good cedar posts, putting them not over thirty-two feet apart in the row and two feet in the ground. This makes a trellis five feet high. Anchor the end posts good, as there will be a heavy strain on the wires when they are filled with ripe
fruit. We use three No. 12 galvanized wires for the trellis, putting the top wire on top of the posts and the bot- tom one about 20 inches from the ground. In October the vines should be trained upon the trellis, spreading them out evenly so as to cover all the space possible and avoid bunches. It will be necessary to wind them around the wires but not too tight, and the top wire will carry the most weight. If more plants are wanted, train the vines over the wires with the ends down to the ground, and cover them 3 or 4 inches deep about the first to the middle of October. They will take root in the fall and winter and make good plants by the next March. We put ours down in this way and each year ship thousands of plants to all parts of the United States where they can be grown.
In the fall of the year plow the ground, throwing the dirt toward the rows, and leave it in this condition till spring. In the spring, as soon as the ground is in good condition to work, plow the dirt away from the hills, plowing very shallow closest to the rows so as not to disturb the roots. A vineyard plow is best for plowing the last two furrows, as one can get closer to the rows and between the hills with- out injuring the roots. It is a good plan to harrow close behind the plow if the weather is at all dry. This may be done either by hand or with a horse hoe. After hoeing them in good shape, which should be done soon after plow- ing, take a disc harrow and throw the dirt back to the rows, but be careful not to ridge them too much in the row, as it has a tendency to raise the roots
out of the ground. They should be worked with a spring-tooth harrow, or something similar, and a clodmasher every week or ten days during the sum- mer and up into July. When the new shoots start in the spring they should be trained up in the center of the hills, allowing them to stick out over the wires unless they get too long, when they will have to be turned back. Never thin out any of the vines unless they get thick in the hills, as it is apt to bleed the roots. I prefer not to trim off the ends of the vines as we cannot see that they raise any larger berries, but fewer of them than when left as they naturally grow.
The picking season starts in from the middle of June to the first of July, and usually lasts about six weeks. It re- quires about four or five good pickers to the acre. As soon as we are through picking we cut out the old vines and train up the new ones, throwing the old ones between the rows, and cutting them up with a sharp disc harrow so they can easily be plowed under and serve as fertilizer. Loganberries should yield from one-third to one-half of a crop the next year after being set out, and thereafter a full crop. An average crop is from four to five tons of fresh fruit to the acre, although they some- times yield as much as six and one- half tons on good, rich land. It re- quires five and one-half pounds of fresh fruit to make one of evaporated.
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Harvesting the loganberry crop on the Aspinwall place near Brooks, Oregon.
Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear, Cherrj', Peach, Plum, Prune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants, Raspberries, Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed.
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April, ip2o BETTER FRUIT P'-se 13
Temperatures Which Will Damage or Kill Fruit Buds
By F. L. West and N. E. Edlefsen, of the Utah Agricultural College Experiment Station, Logan, Utah
EXPERIMENTS conducted at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, to determine the tempera- tures at which fruit buds receive injury from being frozen, are both valuable and interesting. These experiments were undertaken to assist growers in frost susceptible districts in the use of heaters in their orchards and also to know the drop in temperature neces- sary to cause the lighting of the heat- ers. Apart, however, from the value of this knowledge to the grower who may use heaters it is valuable to every grower to know what degree of frost will damage or kill fruit buds.
During the first two years that this work was being carried on the experi- ments consisted in removing branches from fruit trees and subjecting them to freezing temperatures in the laboratory. The damage done was then noted by counting the buds that had turned black and also the ones that were unaffected, and thus calculating the percentage of the buds that were damaged. As this method did not give sufficiently definite results, an apparatus was made for freezing the entire tree. The yields of the trees subjected to freezing tempera- tures were noted at harvest time after the buds on them had been checked up at the time of the freezing or shortly thereafter.
The apparatus for freezing the trees consisted of two double-walled half cylinders made of galvanized iron fast- ened to a wooden base that was put on runners, by means of which the appa- ratus could be moved by block and tackle or team from tree to tree. The cylinders were six feet high and six feet in diameter in the clear. Four inches of space was allowed for the ice and salt. When the iron cover was in place, ice and salt were spread over it and then canvas thrown over the whole to keep the heat out.
As the ice and salt took the tempera- ture down, thermometers projecting through the sides showed the operator the approximate temperature inside the vessel. The temperature was modified by forcing varying quantities of air in at the temperature desired. This cur- rent of aiy, together with an electrically driven fan kept the temperature about the tree uniform to within a degree. Four standard minimum thermometers were hung at various elevations on the tree giving us accurately the minimum temperature attained and a thermo- graph also supported in the tree traced out the temperature changes as it cooled and then warmed up when the vessel was opened up, thereby giving us the rate of cooling and thawing. With this equipment trees were subjected to temperatures as low as 12 degrees Fahr- enheit and by increasing the percent- age of salt there is no doubt that tem- peratures still lower could be obtained.
In making these experiments check trees of the same size and kind with approximately the same number of buds and located near the frozen trees were
selected. After the freeze, a certain percentage of the buds were cut open to observe the discoloration and the same percentage were destroyed on the check trees so that both trees were thinned equally. The yields of both trees were observed in the fall. To note whether it made any difference when the buds were examined, they were cut open immediately after the freeze and then at varying intervals afterward.
It will be of interest to make a little study of the theory of the injury to fruit buds due to freezing.
\^'^len plant tissue freezes water passes out of the cells and ice forms in the intercellular space. It has been found that if the thawing is done slowly enough when working with tender plants, such as lettuce and matured fruits, the water will gradually pass back into the cells, and if the original freeze did not rupture the cell wall, the plant has suffered little harm from the ice formation. If, however, the thawing is done rapidly, the water does not get back into the cells and they die due to drying out. We must have then either a rupturing of the cell wall when the ice is formed or else ice formation and in many cases rapid thawing in order to kill the tissue.
Pure water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When substances are dis- solved in it, the water freezes at a lower temperature, the amount of lowering of the freezing point depending on how much material is dissolved in it, and on the nature of the substance that goes into solution. For example, a five per cent salt solution freezes at 27 degrees F., while a thirty per cent sugar solu- tion only freezes at 29 degrees F. W. H. Chandler measured the freezing tem- perature of the juice that he extracted from twigs taken from various kinds of fruit trees and found that on an aver-
age the sap froze at from 28 to 29 de- grees F. and in no case did it freeze below 28 degrees F. The sap from Elberta peach twigs extracted in March froze at 28.7 degrees F., while but two- thirds of the twigs of the same kind of fruit when subjected in March to a temperature of as low as 10 degrees F. froze.
In the orchard it is frequently found that some of the buds withstand tem- peratures as low as 20 degrees F. and mature, and these buds no doubt take up these low temperatures as the work of W^iegend shows.
Fruit buds have a protective cover- ing over them supposedly for the pur- pose of checking evaporation, but this is not sufficient to keep them for any appreciable length of time at tempera- tures different from the surroundings. Wiegend found as a result of experi- menting with horse-chestnut buds con- taining thermometers which he sealed inside of them, that when these buds were subjected suddenly to a change in temperature of 20 degrees or more, in about ten minutes they had taken on the new temperature to within two de- grees, and had arrived completely at the new point in a half hour. In case of the natural freezes in the orchard, where the temperature is falling slowly from sundown until sunrise, there is little doubt that the fruit buds take on the resulting temperatures of the sur- rounding air. In artificial freezing therefore it should not take long for the buds to acquire the new tempera- ture, especially if they are in full bloom and when they are smaller than the buds used in the experiment reported above.
As was mentioned earlier, the more concentrated the aqueous solution the lower is its freezing point and in gen- eral the amount of the substance, espe- cially if it be an organic one, that will
Apparatus used in freezing entire tree in experiments made at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, to determine the temperatures at which fruit buds are damaged
by frost.
Page 14
BETTER FRUIT
April, IQ20
dissolve in water is but slightly affected by the substances that are already in solution. This allows the possibility of a very concentrated solution, and each of these substances has its influ- ence in lowering the freezing point of the water largely independent of the others. For these reasons, rather a low freezing point of a solution is pos- sible. A very concentrated juice, there- fore, in the buds would be expected to freeze at a fairly low temperature. In spite of this, however, the unusual hardi- ness of some buds to freezing is really surprising. The difference in sensitive- ness to cold of different buds on the same branch and of the same buds at different stages of development may be in part due to the difference in quality and concentration of the cell sap.
When liquids are cooled to their freezing points, if there be none of the solid material present, they rarely freeze. They may be cooled further several degrees and kept for days with- out solidification taking place. The in- troduction of as small an amount of the solid as one-hundred-thousandth part of a milligram is sufficient to cause freezing to commence. Enough solid will now separate out to raise the temperature of the whole to the melting point. The temperature now remains constant, and at the melting point until all of the liquid has become solid, the heat that is being lost by radiation be- ing supplied by the heat that is always evolved when liquids solidify. In su- perfused liquids that have not been in- occulated, crystalline nuceli make their appearance spontaneously at different points in the liquid and then begin to grow. The chance of these nuclei ap- pearing increases with the quantity of liquid present and it has been found experimentally that liquids may be cooled far below their freezing points and maintained at these low tempera- tures for long times when they are kepi in capillary tubes. In these tubes the rate at which these nuclei form and grow is sufficiently slow to be mea- sured. The rate of growth is approxi- mately proportional to the degree of superfusion when that degree is not very great and the number of nuclei formed in a given volume in a given time at first increases with the degree of superfusion, but afterwards reaches a maximum, and begins to diminish as the liquid becomes highly superfused. Liquids that have been very suddenly cooled far below their freezing points have been kept for months without freezing. The juice of the buds is con- fined in small capillary spaces and the above mentioned phenomena will help to explain in part the unusual hardiness of the buds and the great difference in hardiness of buds that appear to be very similar because they may thus be cooled below their freezing points and warmed again without ice forming.
A reading of the popular literature on the subject is likely to cause one to infer that buds have a certain freezing temperature, and that when they arrive at this temperature they all freeze. This, of course, is wide of the truth. There is a range of four
or five degrees between the highest temperature at which two or three per cent of the buds are injured, and the temperature at which all the buds are killed. It should be remembered that on the same branch are often found buds that have swollen but slightly when others are in full bloom. A freeze or two in the early spring will usually do no harm; they simply serve to thin the buds out, for it is generally known that there are many more buds on the tree than actually mature into fruit. The number that can be allowed to freeze without heating the orchard will naturally depend on how many there happen to be on the tree at that particu- lar time. It is very rare that a tree has so few buds on it that it cannot lose one-half of them and yet mature an average crop in the fall. Where we have endeavored to select a critical temperature we have taken it as near as possible to the point where not more than 50 per cent of the buds will be killed by experiencing the cold men- tioned.
__Some of the more important conclu- sions which will be of interest to the orchardist, arrived at by these experi- ments are as follows:
To kill plant tissue by freezing, either the cell wall must be ruptured when ice forms, or else after the ice forms, it must thaw rapidly. An occasional case of ice formation and slow thawing without death resulting to the tissue has been observed.
Fruit buds will stand a lower temper- ature by several degrees than the freez- ing point of the expressed sap, and the sap freezes at three or four degrees be- low the freezing point of pure water.
The literature on the subject might lead one to infer that the buds have a definite freezing point and that when the orchard reaches this temperature, practically all of the buds are frozen and the crop for that year is to be a failure. This is not the case. The or- chard can usually stand two or three freezes without losing more than half of its buds, and this number is usually sufficient for a normal crop.
It doesn't make any difference, in the first two or three days, as to when the injury to the buds by direct observa- tion of them is determined.
The further developed the buds are, the more sensitive they are to frost.
There is a range of at least five de-
grees Fahrenheit between the tempera- ture at which only about five per cent of the buds are damaged and the tem- perature that will kill all of them.
In the case of Double Nattie cherries when the fruit is setting, 29 degrees Fahrenheit caused no damage and 24 degrees killed practically all of them.
With Jonathan apple blossoms in full bloom, 28.5 degrees Fahrenheit caused no damage and 24 degrees killed about half of them.
Prune buds are slightly hardier than those of the other kinds of fruit that we tested.
The temperatures which will kill about fifty per cent of the buds of the Elberta peach are as follows: When they are slightly swollen, 14 degrees; when well swollen, 18 degrees; when they are showing pink 24 degrees; when in full bloom 25 degrees; and when the fruit is setting, 28 degrees Fahr- enheit.
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Exceptionally beautiful homesite. Ten-room modern house with every convenience except an electric elevator. Spring water under pressure and electricity in all buildings. Barn and packing house, tenant house, family orchard, gardens, grapes, strawberries, asparagus, equipment — everything.
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Problems in Marketing Northwest Prunes
A Criticism, But Not A Knock
Editor Better Fruit:
STATEMENTS have been appearing in the press of late in regard to the uncertainty of marketing Oregon prunes and also that reports from the East are to the effect that California prunes are selling for 3 cents a pound more than the Italian variety grown in Oregon and Washington. I wish, therefore to say a few words about the marketing of Northwest prunes and al- though prune men in this section may not take kindly to what I say I assure you that my interest in the prune in- dustry of the Northwest is sincere from a standpoint of pride as well as because of the financial phase; nor do I want to appear pessimistic, but there are some plain facts that should be known to every prune grower and packer in Oregon and Washington.
There was no mistake made in plant- ing prune orchards as a commercial industry nor was it a mistake in plant- ing the variety that prevails in the Northwest, but there has been a con- tinual disregard of care in curing and preparing for the market.
WTien our orchards first began to bear in quantities for other markets, packing facilities were limited; knowl- edge of how to handle them was lack- ing, so they were graded, put into sacks and forwarded East.
The very nature of the Italian prune is such that it is impossible to handle it with any degree of satisfaction and safety in bags. This fact was soon discovered by the buyer after sustain- ing some substantial losses from re- jections. Sales were hard to make. The growers took a hand in shipping them- selves, but finding in some instances that they were called on to pay freight, aside from losing their fruit, they too were sorely disappointed. Something had to be done — so the method of pro- cessing was adopted; packing them in 25 and 50 pound boxes, eliminating almost entirely shipping in sacks. Since that time, which dates back about 15 years, some progress has been made but we are far short yet of marketing a satisfactory, safe pack of prunes.
The nature of the Italian prune is such that it must be processed in order to assure the dealer a commercial pack- age that he can handle safely and a product that the consumer will buy.
I am not going to tell you how to dry prunes, because I don't know, but I do know that there has been a large tonnage of inferior prunes put on the market each year. Lots of them should have been condemned and destroyed. No one has the right to pick up and dry decayed prunes; some that have split and the cracks full of mould; others that have decayed from over- ripeness. Such fruit is positively unfit for food. The consumer does not know it, as its defects are covered up in the process of drying. It is even difficult for the packer to detect the imperfec- tions; probably some packers do not look for them, so they are bought,
packed and shipped East and to Europe. Frequently they look all right when they arrive.
When under-cured and over-pro- cessed fruit starts up fermentation or mould, lots of it spoils on the dealer's hands and it is sold at reduced prices to the consumer. It is positively unfit to eat and is not liked and many times no reason is given for this dislike. Nor does the consumer actually know what is wrong, but I assure you that a trial of such fruit is enough. I will match with big odds an Italian prune against any other food product, either dried or in cans, for covering up its dirt, imper- fections and filth. I can take a sound, properly cured prune and put it by the side of one that is partially decayed and dried and one looks about as good as the other, but cook them and try
Page 13
them out by taste and the difference is noticeable — distinctly so. One is either rancid or sour and very repul- sive, while the other has a sweet tart taste and is the most delicious dried fruit to be had. A well cured, well cooked Italian Prune served in its juice or with cream is in a class of its own — nothing to compare with it in the dried fruit line.
I wish every one of you could have been with me on a trip East recently, when I called on the jobbing trade in nearly every large commercial center. A portion of my time was given to inves- tigating the situation as to Oregon and Washington prunes. I was more than disappointed; in fact, greatly humili- ated— there were several thousand boxes of the previous year's crop in the New York market. They had rotted and moulded and had been worked over and were selling at 50 to 75 cents per box of 25 pounds. "Oregon prunes have
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Page 1 6
BETTER FRUIT
April, Ip20
a black eye in this market," I heard everywhere I went. "How about orders for this season's crop?" "If they are cheap enough, we will try a few again," was the answer I received.
I have been in Oregon 25 years; I love the State; I am proud of it and I hold the highest regard for its resources. On my trip when talking with others I met in hotels, on the trains or in the business houses, I took great pride in telling them of our lumber industry, our grain, apples, and dairy products. I want to feel as proud of our prune industry as of these.
We have produced in the last few years about 125 million pounds of dried prunes. During the same period, Cali- fornia has produced many more million pounds. Our packing facilities and selling ability are far greater per ton than California. Now with the small tonnage and ample marketing resources, our fruit has gone to the consumer at a much less price than theirs. This fact is evidence that something is wrong. It's true that the general de- mand is for a sweet prune. It's also true that there is a demand for a tart prune and this section grows them.
I want to make it clear to you that something must be done immediately. The prune acreage is increasing materi- ally, both here and in California. France, Bosnia and Servia are factors in the industry. I predict that unless our fruit is cured and packed so as to increase the demand, you will see some pretty cheap prunes within three years.
I will admit that the Italian prune is more difficult to cure and pack than a sweet variety. It can be done; it has been done, but enough poor fruit has gone out to prevent progress for the past five years. If every dryer in the North- west had taken from his orchards only sound, ripe fruit and cured it properly, then properly processed it, we would not have half enough prunes to supply the demand and at as good a price per pound as any district in the world gets.
We will never succeed as long as half ripe, split, mouldy and decayed fruit is
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
dried and then possibly not packed properly.
The manufacturer or any one pro- ducing or preparing anything for food, who has not observed the rapid growth of sanitation and marked development of cleanliness in the past few years, is falling far short of the times. People are particular about what they eat and they are going to be far more so in the future. Laws are doing much in this respect; a campaign of education for better, cleaner food is prevalent every- where. Many canners, packers and manufacturers of food supplies invite public inspection. I visited one large plant East that required the services of three guides to take care of the visitors, each guide taking from ten to twenty- five people on a trip through this plant.
It pays to be clean. Would it increase the demand for our prunes if the public were invited to visit our prune dryers and packing houses when in operation? Have you any doubt about extending the invitation? There should be none.
In closing I want to say that the prune industry is going to progress. We are going to have better fruit. It will be one of the best paying indus- tries we have. Commercial principles governing the demand for our prunes will in time correct abuses heretofore mentioned, but let us not wait until compelled to do something that we should voluntarily do ourselves. Let us all work together for a better Oregon and Washington prune.
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We want a representative in every fruit-growing community. In every such community there is some individual with a little time each month to spare, who, by representing Better Fruit, can make a good income.
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We want two or three representatives in the Hood River Valley. Several in Yakima and Wenatchee — in the Willamette Valley, Rogue River, etc. In fact we want permanent representatives in every fruit district of the West.
Our proposition is a good one. Are you the man or woman for the job?
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April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 7/
Using Bees to Best Advantage During Flow
By George S. Demuth, Agricultural Assistant, Bee-Culture Investigations
BROOD rearing, which is of primary importance during the preceding period, becomes of secondary consider- ation at about the beginning of the honey flow, because this is nearing the limit beyond which time the resulting bees develop too late to take part in gathering and storing the crop of honey.
At this time therefore, there is a radical change in the purpose of the manipulations. Instead of continuing the expansion of the brood-chamber the policy of the beekeeper should now be rather a concentration of the work- ers and the brood. There is perhaps a limit to the number of workers that profitably can be kept in a single hive and set of supers, but this limit is sel- dom reached, the usual mistake being in having too few. Each colony should have its brood-chamber well filled with brood in a compact form and be so crowded with young and vigorous workers that they will immediately oc- cupy the supers when the honey flow actually begins.
The brood-chambers of colonies oc- cupying more than one hive body should at this time be reduced to one, any extra brood being used in colonies having less than one brood chamber full of brood. After ■ this operation, should there be still some colonies left with the brood-chamber but partly filled with brood, they should be filled with combs of brood and adhering bees (without the queen) draw from some colony or colonies too weak to work well in comb-honey workers.
This massing of the workers in strong colonies, so essential to the pro- duction of a fancy grade of comb honey renders necessary extremely careful and skillful management since the ef- forts of the beekeeper may be nullified in two ways:
(1) The bees, by swarming, may divide their forces into two or more parts, neither of which would be ready to work in the supers until the season is much advanced or perhaps closed entirely, or (2) being defeated in their
efforts to swarm or from lack of con- venient storage space, etc., they may do very poor work even during a good honey flow simply because the condi- tions of the colony are such that the storage instinct is dominant.
To bring about the best results in comb honey, the entire working force of each colony must be kept undivided and the means employed in doing so must be such that the storing instinct remains dominant throughout any given honey flow.
Any increase made before or during the honey flow is made at the expense of the surplus honey unless it be made with brood that would emerge in time for the young bees to be of use during the honey-flow. In general, however, increases may be made at a much less expense by setting aside some of the colonies for that purpose. To keep the forces together and satisfied with the storing instinct dominant during a good honey-flow is the most difficult problem with which the producer of comb honey must deal.
Swarming-Preventive and Remedial Measures.
Colonies do not all behave alike as to swarming, (1) Certain colonies go through the season with apparently no thought of swarming. Such colonies do the very best work in the supers, and their numbers can be increased by skill- ful management. (2) Other colonies start queen cells preparatory to swarm- ing, but can be persuaded to give it up by such mild measures as destroying the queen cells and other methods de- vised, but not extensively used by pro- ducers. Among these methods are fitting the sheet of foundation in place, then directing a fine stream of melted wax along its edges, or the use of split sec- tions in which a sheet of foundation is continuous through a row of sections, extending through their sides and top.
Some super-construction is such that the sections may be placed directly in the super by the operator who puts in
the foundation. This work is usually done during the winter months when the bees require no special attention. Enough supers should be provided to take care of the largest possible crop, even though it is not often that all are used the same season. The beekeeper who is operating several apiaries can- not afford to take time to prepare su- pers for the bees during a good honey- flow. Supers of sections thus prepared in advance should be kept clean by storing them in piles and keeping the piles covered with dust.
Tree Planting
Editor Better Fruit: — -Every spring and fall some trees are planted. Many trees will be planted this spring and again many more will be planted this fall. To get the best results from our labor it must be done right. The old- fashioned way of planting trees is fast being replaced by one that is more mod- ern and gives better results. Each year many trees are lost by not doing it right. Making a hole and sticking a tree in it is not planting trees. Of the trees that were planted this way, many died the first year or never started to sprout.
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Page i8
BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
The person usually blamed for the trees not making a healthy growth, is the one who sold them, and in 90 out of 100 cases it was not his fault.
Not long ago I sat on a rail fence watching a man punch holes into the ground on my neighbor's place. At first I thought he was making holes for small posts, but on inquiring I found he was making bore holes, to blast holes for trees. I was interested and wanted to see the holes after they were blown. He told me that the next day he would shoot them. He was early on the job. I went over and examined some of the holes and on measuring found them to be two and one-half feet deep, and the hardpan penetrated. The blaster prepared the shots, then loaded all the holes. He used 25 per cent dyna- mite and went about it in this way: He cut the fuse in lengths of three feet, inserted the end of the fuse in the de- tonating cap and crimped it. He then made a hole in the stick of dynamite and inserted the cap, tying it securely to the dynamite. After he had all the sticks primed he started to load the holes. The dynamite was shoved down to the bottom of the hole with a broom handle and fine earth thrown in on it. Earth was put in the hole and tamped with the broom handle until the top of the hole was reached. He loaded all the holes and thein started to fire them. I examined the holes after they were shot and found them to be about three feet wide and three feet deep. (By three feet deep I don't mean that the earth was blown out to the extent of three
feet but that the earth was loose to that depth.) He took out all the loose earth from one of the blasted holes and found that the subsoil was busted, (I use the term busted because in it I find I can exactly say just how it was.) The blaster being through with his work went home. My neighbor called his men and they started to plant the trees. There were only 45 to be planted, so it did not take long.
One man went ahead and dug out the holes. He made two piles of the earth. One pile was the topsoil and the other the subsoil; the neighbor and the other man did the planting. The topsoil was thrown into the hole until the right depth was reached; the tree after being pruned to a whip was set in the hole and the balance of the topsoil was firm- ly packed around the roots; on top of this was thrown the subsoil. On top of this a dressing of well-rotted manure was placed. I asked my neighbor the why for all this and he remarked, "The use of dynamite cracked that subsoil so that it will be impossible for the tree to die from lack of moisture. The young tree takes this moisture by send- ing its fine rootlets into this subsoil, thereby insuring it of a steady growth. The placing of the topsoil at the root- system, gives the fine roots a chance to get into the mellow earth; they could not do it so easy if they were stuck in the subsoil."
Regarding the cost he said, "The cost was a little more, but what is the use of planting a tree and not have it grow? Plant it right at the outset. By hiring
a blaster I could keep my men at their regular work until the trees were ac- tually to be planted. The planting was done in half the time as with pick and shovel, and I am well satisfied."
Five months after these trees were planted I went over and examined them. The growth was fine, in fact wonder- ful for five months' growth and that, in my estimation, is the best monument to good preparation and care in planting. F.A.K.
Fruit Trees Good Investment.
The ordinary individual craves a cer- tain amount of fruit in his diet. On the average farm fruit constitutes only about 6 per cent in value of all food consumed. The percentage could be in- creased to good advantage, making fruit a more important part of the diet, says the United States Department of Agri- culture.
A small area of the farm devoted to apple trees, peach trees, berry plants, or other fruit suited to the region, is a good investment for any farmer.
Demand for Spray Material Heavy.
The demand for spray material in the Northwest is the heaviest this year ever known and includes .all classes of sprays. The demand is credited to the excellent propaganda that has been carried on by the experiment stations and agricultural colleges and also on account of the prosperity that has come to the fruit grower during the past two years.
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April, 19^0 BETTER FRUIT
The Value of the Different Roots as Stocks
By W. L. Howard, Deciduous Fruit Station, Mountain "View, California
THE great shortage in nursery stock this planting season has caused an unusual amount of discussion about the value of different roots as stocks for deciduous trees. This year nursery- men were able to sell almost every- thing they had. In the past year there has been a slight demand for prunes on roots other than myrobalan. Every year a considerable acreage of prunes is planted on peach and almond stock. A few have, for various reasons, de- sired to have prunes on apricot roots. Many have inquired explicitly about the value of this stock for French prunes. We have very good evidence to show that apricot is not a safe root- stock for the French, although it seems to be safe enough for sugar prunes, and possibly for some other varieties. The French, however, makes a very poor union with the apricot root, and in the case of one orchard recently examined near Gilroy, the trees are rapidly break- ing off at the age of five and six years. Other instances have come to my at- tention where the trees became much older than this before breaking, but eventually they do "pinch off." Some old orchards in Napa County where Imperial prunes were top-worked on Royal apricots many years ago are still in good condition. At the same time French worked on the Royal was a fail- ure. Many growers have told me that sugar prunes do well on apricot root. Sugar prunes, on the other hand, make a very poor union with the peach, and should not be used for that purpose. Some plums behave similarly on the peach, the Diamond being a conspicu- ous example.
Owing to the propaganda during the last three or four years in favor of the Japanese pear as a rootstock, nursery- men have almost stopped using the French stock. Indeed, I am told that the large growers of seedling stock in Kansas and elsewhere have almost ceased to grow the French pear stock. The wide use of the Japanese pear stock has been advocated because it is so much more resistant to pear blight than the French stock, and further- more because it has been found to very successfully resist attack by woolly aphis. \Mierever pear blight is preva- lent, there is no question that the Jap- anese stock is much safer to use than the French stock, although it is not wholly blight resistant by any means. In the coastal region, particularly in the Santa Clara Valley, where pear blight is no problem, there has always been considerable discussion as to the advisability of giving up the French stock, which has been thoroughly tried out and found to be satisfactory in every way, except that it is injured by woolly aphis. The big question in the bay region, especially in the lowlands adjacent to the southern end of San Francisco Bay, is to know whether the Japanese pear root will withstand as much water in the soil as the French. In that particular region, the woolly aphis is said not to give much trouble,
even to French stock. One nursery- man who furnishes considerable stock for the region under discussion thinks that the growers there should stick to the French pear stock by all means, but he complains that, on account of the general condemnation of French stock, it is now becoming almost impossible to procure it.
Undoubtedly a rootstock entirely re- sistant to blight will eventually be found. At the present time it is known that some of the Siberian seedlings give great promise: certain strains of varie- ties are, for all practical purposes, un- doubtedly blight resistant, but the prob- lem is to isolate these resistant strains
Page jp
from closely related forms that are not resistant and get them in suciffient quantities to place them within the reach of all nurserymen and growers.
A few growers have been able to start trees that were blight resistant so far as trunk and the bases of main branches were concerned by bench- grafting long scions of the Surprise pear on Japanese roots. These grafts were planted deeply, so that the scions in most cases formed roots. If the re- sultant nursery trees are planted in the orchard so that the Japanese root is six or eight inches underground, there is practically no danger of sprouts arising from the seedling stock. The Surprise pear makes a fine, shapely tree, and is a vigorous grower. It is entirely safe as regards attacks from pear blight. The Surprise tree may be shaped up in the
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Page 20
BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
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p. O. Box 817
Central Station
Are You Going to Build A Drier?
See me before building.
I can save you money.
$20 gets blue prints complete.
I run six tunnels to one stove.
Have right ideas of size of air cham- ber and proper radiating surface.
Dried 82 tons of prunes at a total cost of $16.50 per ton.
Every drier my type is a success.
EDWARD DENCER
R-3, Box 158 SALEM, OREGON
Liming Soils
Farmers of acid soils have often won- dered why liming increases the yield of crops on some acid soils and does not on others. Investigations by the Oregon Agricultural College experi- ment station chemists have developed the fact that increases may be expected wherever the calcium forms combina- tions with humus bodies.
Since the composition of the soil so- lutions is a governing factor in plant growth, the effect of lime on the com- position of these soil solutions may be an index to the inconsistent action of lime acid soils, says the report of the chemists. The solutions from various acid soils were analyzed at successive intervals after liming with calcium car- bonate, calcium oxide or calcium sul- phate.
The analysis showed that nitrates increased in those soils that respond to lime treatment, large quantities of sol- uble potassium were caused in all soils treated with calcium sulphate, the cal- cium content remained nearly constant whatever the treatment, soluble phos- phorus decreased slightly under all treatments, and sulfo-flcation occurred in all soils responding to liming. Alka- linity was present in soils treated with the carbonate and oxide forms, while acidity was present in untreated soils and those treated with the sulphate forms.
These findings fortify the soils de- partment findings that drainage of wet lands and incorporation of organic mat- ter in rundown lands should precede
boxes on tKis terrible ride All gapped a joint or split a side; Did we 5337 all? Well, all but one — nixe B-D box finds riding fun.
Your goods are safe when packed in Bioedel Donovan
super-strong boxes.
Sawed right, carefully graded, skillfully built and delivered promptly.
BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS
1020 White Building, Seattle, Wasli.
Douglas Fir, Western Cedar, Hemlock, Spruce, J^ed Cedar Shingles
extensive liming. They do not indicate any lessening of the use of lime, but do go far to establish the soundness of Dean Cordley's recommendation that every farmer of acid soils conduct lime experiments to see whether his soils will respond, and then govern his or- ders for lime accordingly.
Bush Fruit Culture.
If a currant or gooseberry planta- tion is properly cared for, at least eight to ten crops may be expected before it becomes unprofitable because of its age. Productive fields over twenty years old are not uncommon in some sections. Although the number of years a planta- tion will continue in good bearing con- dition depends to some extent upon lo- cation and soil, the most important factor is the care which it receives. The period of productiveness of both currant and gooseberry plants is longer in northern regions than towards the southern limits of their culture and longer on heavy soil than on sandy soil
Providing More Money for Higher Education
The splendid advance of progressive agriculture in Oregon as well as agri- cultural education arid higher educa- tion in general, is threatened with a serious check unless the relief prayed for in the Higher Educational Tax act, to be voted on by the people of Oregon at the special election May 21, is granted.
The results of extensive research work by the experiment station at the Agricultural College, Corvallis, and the seven branch stations representing the peculiar climatic and soils conditions of the seven agricultural regions of the state, have been rapidly brought into intimate touch with the farmer through the extension service. The practice of these results in production and protec- tion of farm crops, livestock, dairying, poultry raising and farm and soil man- agement have increased tremendously the production of high class produce and at the same time tended toward re- duction of production costs.
Rapid as has been this extension of scientific agriculture, it has scarcely kept pace with the growth of college attendance — a growth in which the State University has shared. Rising living costs, the costs of equipment, buildings, supplies and instruction have climbed continuously throughout the war and reconstruction periods, while the funds for support of the institutions and the research and extension work have remained about stationary in nominal proceeds, but in reality have shrunk about 100 per cent in purchasing power.
In view of these emergencies the col- lege and the university and normal school have joined in asking for an ad- ditional 1.26 mills for relief, and the matter has been referred to the people by the legislature to be passed upon at the special election in May.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
r
BETTER FRUIT
. Page 21
The Cutler Box Press
PRESSURE BY || THE roOT IM- ^
me:d>ately swmGS
THESE ARMS OVER THE BOX.
Here is the all round durable press you have been looking for. The CUTLER BOX PRESS is
strongly built of steel and will last many seasons of hard usage.
There are no arms or parts above the box to interfere with folding the lining paper or placing the lids. A light touch of the foot brings the presser arms into position.
Couplings are provided for grav- ity carrier bringing boxes in from either side and for the lidded boxes out through the back. No need to lift the boxes. They slide easily on the smooth metal top and tip over onto the carrier to the rear after the lid is on.
The presser arms are connected with an equalizer bar which evens the pressure at the two ends of the pack.
Quickly adjustable for apple or pear boxes. Never out of order. "Will not rack to pieces.
IF YOU WANT ONE OF THESE PRESSES GET YOUR ORDER IN
The Cutler Fruit Grader
Is recognized as the leading fruit grader on the market today and is used in hundreds of packing houses in the United States, Canada and foreign countries.
THE 1920 MODEL CUTLER FRUIT GRADER has some improvements and special attachments which will still further increase the leadership of this successful and practical fruit grader.
PLAN ON INSTALLING A CUTLER GRADER THIS YEAR. There is no other investment you can make which will insure the handling of your crop at a minimum expenditure of time' and money. Get your crop packed ahead of the danger of a freeze or car shortage.
DON'T PUT OFF ORDERING YOUR PACKING HOUSE EQUIPMENT. THE SITUATION THIS YEAR IN THE OBTAINING OF MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING IS SUCH AS TO MAKE THE PLACING OF EARLY ORDERS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY IF YOU THINK YOU WILL NEED ANY PACKING HOUSE EQUIPMENT THIS FALL.
FILL OUT THE COUPON BELOW AND MAIL TO US TODAY. YOU MAY REGRET NOT
DOING SO. j -
■ Cutler Manufacturing Co.
Write today for Catalog and Prices
Cutler Manufacturing Co.
353 EAST TENTH STREET
PORTLAND, OREGON
353 E. Tenth St., Portland, Oregon. Please send descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below.
Check the equipment you are interested in.
Grader. Gravity Carrier.
Box Press. Grip Trucks.
Crop expected in 1920 boxes.
Name
Address ..,
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 22
BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by
Better Fruit Publishing Company
703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON
Why Not Confer?
It is proposed that the various large fruit handling organizations of the Northwest hold a conference for the purpose of discussing matters in rela- tion to fruit marketing that are of im- portance to both grower and shipper. The main object of this conference would be for the purpose of making an agreement to establish a bureau of information or a system by which each of these organizations would sup- ply daily reports of the movement of fruit shipments that are being distrib- uted from Northwest points. Other matters would no doubt be taken up at such a conference that would result in beneficial action.
Taking into consideration the handi- cap under which most of these organi- zations have been working during the past season, and other seasons for that matter, in competing for sales in the big markets, it would appear that if such an agreement could be made that there would be many advantages. The kind of fruit shipments that this sys- tem would more particularly apply to would be apples, the tonnage of which in the Northwest is increasing so rapid- ly that a cooperative scheme of market- ing, if only on a limited basis, is very essential.
Fruit growers in the Northwest must wake up. They must be brought to realize that they must leave no stone unturned to keep the markets they have for their fruit, and to create new ones, for the big part played in this year's apple market by the fruit from the Pa- cific Northwest is causing the apple growing sections in the East and the Southwest to discuss the adoption of methods that are expected to give the fruit of those sections the preference.
A conference of the fruit handling or- ganizations of the Northwest looking to the adoption of improved marketing methods is not only, as we have said, essential, but a necessity.
The Call of Education.
Now that the legislature of Washing- ton has done its duty in the matter of providing additional funds for public education it remains for the voters in Oregon to keep pace with its sister state in keeping the torch of enlightenment bright and burning.
The measure to provide the Oregon Agricultural College, the University of Oregon and the State Normal school with additional funds will be voted on in Oregon at the primaries May 21. AIT of these institutions need the relief in the way of money asked for and the public needs the greatest efficiency they can render in the several branches of education in which they specialize. Larger classes, causing a need for en- larged accommodations and more equip-
ment, more instructors and increases in salaries to retain these instructors, ow- ing to higher living costs, are among the vital things that make additional in- comes for these institutions necessary.
As the fountain head from which flows the stream that leads to the higher things in life no public spirited Oregon voter will ignore this call. Oregon citizens must go on record as as pro- gressive in the matter of education as the bordering states of California and Washington if they expect their state to forge ahead. With every progres- sive educational movement in these states being pushed they cannot aff'ord to lag behind.
Cull Apples and Cider.
Reports from several sections of the country are to the effect that cider mak- ing plants that last year paid growers many thousands of dollars are going out of business or are being put to other uses because they cannot comply with the government regulation prohibiting the manufacture of any kind of fruit juice that contains over one-half of one per cent of alcohol. Therefore the pro- hibition law that seemed to be a boon to the apple grower is in reality a black eye.
The question now arises what is to be done with this grade of cull apple which is unfit for any other use. If the law is strictly complied with it cannot even be made into vinegar as the chemi- cal action that takes place in the pro- cess between cider and vinegar exceeds the alcoholic content many times. Boiled cider, which is an attenuated form of apple butter, is not very highly relished as a beverage and other at- tempts to rob the pure juice of the apple of its slightly sparkling content and then market it, have not made anybody rich.
There seems to be but one hope for that old-time refreshing drink of our ancestors, and that is to have the law governing its alcoholic content modified. Considering its usually non-intoxicat- ing qualities this should not be hard to accomplish for even a Maine or Kan- sas senator ought not to object to cider.
Information on Storage.
Experiments now being conducted by the United States Department of Agri- culture in a specially constructed gov- ernment plant to investigate diseases and other reasons for the deterioration of fruit in cold storage should result in the saving of thousands of dollars and also the more scientific manage- ment of plants for storing fruit. With a movement on foot to greatly increase the storage of apples in the Northwest and other sections of the country in- formation of this nature will prove highly valuable.
While excellent results have already been accomplished in this line by the experts which the government has placed in the field the proper storage of fruit is a question the average grow- er and shipper needs much information on. Heretofore storage has been a part of the apple industry that has been left to a large extent to buyers and
shippers. From now on, however, it is apparent that the grower from the standpoint of self-protection intends to add storage to the other phases of the fruit industry and with this in mind will welcome complete information on this question.
Order Early.
From present indications it will be well for the fruit grower who has any- thing in the way of equipment and sup- plies to purchase to make arrangements to obtain them well in advance of the time they are needed. This advice ap- plies to almost every appliance, mate- rial or thing of any kind necessary for an orchard or fruit farm. Manufac- turers are already giving notice that they are experiencing difficulty in sup- plying retailers and the latter state that the demand is far in excess of the pres- ent supply. So order early if you would not be caught short handed as the season advances.
What the Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying
According to The Fruit World, published at Melbourne, Australia, the quantity of apples that shippers wanted to export from that country to England during the present season was 1,600,000 bushels. The English govern- ment, however, which was providing the ships for the transportation of the fruit cut down the space for shipments to 750,000 bushels. The result was a number of indignation meet- ings and severe criticism of the government's action. Of the total quantity booked for ship- ment by the growers, Tasmania produced 800,000 bushels, Victoria, 400,000 bushels. West Australia, 350,000 bushels and South Austra- lia, 50,000 bushels.
W. M. Yundt, who owns an apple orchard near Peshastin, Washington, has the distinc- tion of having grown the largest apple in the United States in 1919. It was a Wolf River variety, measuring nineteen inches in circum- ference and weighed two pounds, ten ounces! — Monthly News Letter, Washington State De- partment of Horticulture.
Preliminary estimates of the tonnage of dried fruits in California tend to show more than 400,500 tons were handled in 1919 as compared with 265,700 in 1918. Raisins, 184,- 000 tons, constituted the largest variety. There were 135,000 tons of prunes, 35,000 tons of peaches, 14,500 tons of apricots, 11,000 tons of figs, 10,000 tons of apples and 5,000 tons of pears. The biggest increase was in prunes, the production having almost tripled that of 1918. The apricot yield was 500 tons lighter than the preceding year. — The Evaporator.
Are our agricultural colleges and experiment stations incapable of solving fertilizer ques- tions in relation to the orchard? There if now an amazing lack of accurate and satisfying data and information on the subject. Experts on orcharding and specialists on fertilizers themselves testify to the apparent apathy of experimental institutions in this respect. At the November convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Prof. F. C. Sears, of Amherst, Mass., said that the agricultural colleges had done less in the matter of solving orchard fertilizer problems than in solving any other problem of either orchard or farm. Mr. Henry G. Bell of Toronto, who knows as much about fertilizers in general as any man in Canada, said to the association: "I am con- vinced that one of the things that is holding back your net returns from orcharding in this province is a lack of specific information re- garding fertilizers."
In studying fertilizer problems, experi- menters seem to have chosen to follow the lines of least resistance. They have fled from the complex fertilizer problems of the orchard to other fields where results are more certain and more . immediate. There have been very few long-continued experiments anywhere in Canada or the United States to ascertain, for instance, what the fertilizer requii-ements of the apple are, but long-continued experiments with fertilizers on field crops are numerous. — Canadian Horticulturist.
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Pear Culture at Home and Abroad
By C. I. Lewis
FOR a number of years there has been a steady increase in interest in pear culture in the Pacific Northwest. This interest is due to a number of causes. One of these is that California developed the pear industry until it became the leading state in the Union in the production of this fruit, while the Rogue River Valley in Southern Oregon has become noted the world over for the high class pears which it produces. Again, there is the fact that while many states are planting apples very heavily, statistics show that very few states are giving the pear any at- tention, consequently more and more growers are favoring the pear above the apple. Pear culture in Europe has for a number of centuries attracted a great deal of attention. In fact the pear has in the past received, and is now receiving, more attention than the apple. In the early part of the last century Van Mons, the Relgian plant breeder, attracted world-wide attention by introducing a large number of new pears. The blight, which is the great- est scourge of the pear in this country being an American disease, was un- known to the Europeans.
The French have contributed more literature on pear culture than any other nation. Thousands of varieties are described by such men as Du Hamel, Decaisne, Le Roy and Mas. Many of these works give colored plates and very full descriptions of varieties. The early American books gave a great deal of space to pear culture and de- scribed many varieties of pears. Dur- ing that period of American history when nurseries were few and far apart and the farmers planted seed for their orchards, many new varieties of fruit originated. During this epoch our lead- ing varieties of apples were produced, and likewise many pears. Such varie- ties as Howell and Seckel are of Amer- ican origin. During the early part of the last century the blight was raising such havoc among the orchards that pear growers were becoming very much discouraged. This gloom was bright- ened somewhat, however, by the intro- duction from Europe of the leading va- rieties of pears, and our American pomologists like Barry, Downing, Thomas and Warder became decidedly enthusiastic over these importations. The pears that were introduced into this country in the early days were of the European blood (Pyrus communis). A little later some of the sand pears (Pyrus cinensis) were introduced. They attracted, however, very little attention because the quality of the fruit was about equal to that of a raw potato. However, they hybridized with the former and as a result the Kieffer and later hybrids were produced. These hybrids were not so susceptible to blight and they extended pear culture southward, as the Oriental pear would stand warmer climatic conditions than the European pear.
What is the present status of pear culture in this country? Investigation
will show that only two or three states are gaining in acreage, a few are barely holding their own, while the great ma- jority are losing ground. We find the pears of pure European blood succeed best where the trees make a moderate growth, and where the combination of climate and soil produces a firm wooded and hardy tree. For the Eastern States, New York, New England and iMichigan seem to offer the best conditions for successful pear growing, and on the Pacific Coast California, Western Wash- ington and Western Oregon are espe- cially adapted for the production of this fruit. Those regions of the Pacific Coast that have rather warm climatic conditions during the growing season and must depend largely upon irriga- tion, will be able to grow pears only by using the greatest care in retarding the growth of the trees. The blight will probably always be a problem, but scientific methods of control will doubtless go a long way towards mak- ing pear culture successful in such re- gions. Concerning the growing of such pears as the Kieffer many of the Middle Western and Southwestern States are growing this variety successfully.
In choosing a location for a pear orchard the ideal conditions will be, first such climatic factors as produce slow growth; second, good air drain- age so as to reduce the frost damage; third, the selection of congenial soil, and fourth, the planting of well adapted varieties. Having favorable climatic conditions and good air drainage, the question of the adaptability of the vari- eties to the soil is one of the most im- portant factors. It has long been known that certain varieties of pears will grow on very heavy land — on land that is too heavy for apples. This has led many people to believe that any marshy or swampy land, which their farm con- tains, which is unadapted to any other crop, will grow pears successfully; and while it is true that some varieties of the pear will grow on very heavy land, it is essential, however, that this soil be drained if best results are to be hoped for. Standing water on the soil is not conducive to the best vigor and growth of the tree.
The question of variety and adapta- bility is largely a local one, and it will be some time before each community can satisfactorily answer this question. The Bartlett seems to be a variety which adapts itself to a great many con- ditions, growing well on many soils, from the heaviest to the lightest. The Bosc is doing well on heavy soils. The flowell, while doing well on some of the lighter loams, is showing indication that it will do even better on heavier soils. The Winter Nelis requires a strong, rich soil and prefers the moist loams to the dry, light loams. The Anjou and Comice seem to prefer lighter loams, although many fine Anjous are gathered from rather heavy soils. Here in the Pacific Northwest very few varieties of the pears are being grown. The Clair- geau is about the only variety not men-
Page 23
tioned that is being grown commer- cially. There are undoubtedly many varieties of pears which will succeed with us. To the pear grower I would suggest that he try a few varieties that are not now commonly grown, advising, of course, that the experiment be on a limited scale. Among the pears that I would advise him to look up and experiment with are Glout Morceau, President Druard, Duchess Bordeau, Forelle, Santa Claus and Charles Ernest.
The question of stocks to use is one which is largely in the experimental stage. Up to very recently our nursery- men were using what is known as the French seedling stock almost exclusive- ly. This is of Pyrus communis blood. Recently, however, many Pacific Coast nurserymen are discarding this stock and are using the sand or Japanese pear. The reasons are that the French stock is attacked by the root louse, whereas the sand pear is not, and the latter is also more resistant to the blight. Where dwarf pears are to be used, the Angers Quince is the best stock. The Portuguese can be used, however, to good advantage where the climate is very mild. The quince should be worked to either Koonce or Angouleme, and these in turn are worked over to whatever varieties are desired.
Winesap, Delicious, Winter Banana Apples Bartlett Pears Italian Prunes Elberta, J. H. Hale, Slappey Peaches Bing, Lambert, Royal Ann Cherries
Home Nursery Co.
RICHLAND, WASHINGTON
Backward and fonvard, every stroke counts with the double-edged blade of the Gilson Weeder. It cuts both under the soil surface, de- stroying weeds and forming a perfect mulch, A marvel in the garden, children can do as much work as grown-ups. You work away from the cultivated soil instead of tramping over it. The side arms act as fenders protecting plants and shrubl)try: just what you need for weeding flower beds and undershrubbery. Sis-foot han- dle makes operation easy and eliminates backache. Made in four sizes — SVz, 5, 6 and S-inch.
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J.E.GILSON COMPANY
102 Western Avenue PORT WASHINGTON, WIS.
WHEN WRITIXG .ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 24
BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
THE NEWELL GRADER
To you growers who are contemplating buying a Fruit Grader this year, I want you to know that my machine is at last perfected and will be on the market in 30 days.
I have devoted my time and thought for the past two years to this Grader, profiting by the mistakes of others, studying the needs of the growers, and I now believe that the
Newell Weight Fruit Grader
is the best that can be built. Sizes Accurately by Weight
Signed: Timothy Newell.
Watch these pages for further information as to' prices, etc. or write direct to
HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO.
80 North Fifth Street PORTLAND, OREGON
To You SS?erTh^t a "Friend"
Let us advise you to do so this season. We handle the best spray gun made,
THE "FRIEND"
We also manufacture chemically perfect spray ^materials. HOOD RIVER SPRAY COMPANY, Hood River. Oregon
RidIey,Houlding & Co.
COVENT GARDEN, LONDON
WE ARE
Specialists in Apples and Pears
CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON
Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy
The distance for planting pears will vary from twenty-two feet to thirty feet, according to soil and climate. Many varieties of pears are sterile and do not set fruit well with their own pollen. The Comice comes in this class, and the Anjou sets fruit poorly with its own pollen. In fact even with self-fertile varieties I would recommend planting so as to secure cross pollenation. I would suggest two lists, early bloomers and late bloomers. For Oregon, the early bloomers are Bartlett, Clairgeau, Anjou, Howell, KiefFer; late bloomers, Angouleme, Bosc, Comic, Easter, P. Barry, Winter Nelis. Any two early bloomers or any two late bloomers will inter-pollenate satisfactorily. Plant from two to six rows of a variety, as they will produce more economical than mixing them in rows. In an article of this length it is impossible to go into all the details of pollenation, soil treat- ment, pruning etc. The care of the soil is about the same as that given for apples. The open type of tree is the more approved form, as it is believed it is easier to fight blight with such a tree than where the central leader is allowed to remain. Care should be used, however, in starting the trees to get the main branches well spaced. The greater the distance between the branches the better. Should the blight get into the crotch of a tree, where the branches come from one point, the tree will become greatly weakened. After the trees come into bearing, moderate annual pruning should be the rule. It is believed by some growers that the Anjou will stand more pruning than some other varieties. Summer pruning will be beneficial in overcoming the tendency of some varieties to bear on the tips of branches.
Practically all Pacific Coast pears are being boxed, and by the use of pre- cooling, refrigeration cars and cold storage the season of most of our varie- ties of pears has been greatly length- ened. Howells and Comice keep until Christmas and Anjous until February. The export trade in pears is of con- siderable importance and our best trade in England will be for Christmas pears. Late winter pears will have to com- pete with South African Bartletts which reach English markets about the last of January. The canning of pears has become a tremendous industry and the planting of Bartletts for canning factory use, when conducted on a com- mercial scale, is proving a very satis- factory business.
There is a splendid opportunity to in- crease the consumption of pears. A campaign of education is necessary. For example, the Bosc pear is very little known, yet its quality is superb. But because of its unattractive color and form it is not a good show-stand fruit. When once known, however, it becomes very popular. There is no region in the world that can surpass the Pacific Coast in pear production. The quality is un- excelled and the flesh so firm that it stands shipping well. With such an asset we should be able to increase the consumption of pears very materi- ally in the next decade.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 2j
Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There
OREGON.
Owing to the fact that pear growers in the Rogue River Valley, Oregon, are being offered S45 per ton for their pears for canning pur- poses this year the California Pear Growers' Association is advising the Oregon growers not to sell at that figure as indications are that canning pears will bring a much higher price. A telegram recently received at Medford from California advised the local Chamber of Com- merce that buyers in the latter state were offering §85 per ton for the same stock that they were trying to buy in Oregon for 845. It is freely predicted at Medford that canning pears will sell for §100 per ton before the season is over.
The fact that several million pounds of the 1919 crop of prunes remain unsold is causing operators in the prune industry considerable uneasiness, according to newspaper reports. This large amount of holdover stock is ex- pected to affect the price of the new- crop of prunes.
A fruit ranch sale of interest recently took place at Medford, when Lieutenant O. V. Mor- row purchased Brookhurst, the large place formerly owned by E. B. Pickel, near Med- ford. The ranch, which consists of 153 acres, 60 acres of which are in pears, 6 acres in apples and the rest in barley and alfalfa sold for §45,000. The entire acreage is under irri- gation and is considered one of the best pro- ducing fruit farms in the Medford district.
According to E. M. Harvey, research man for the Oregon Agricultural College, who has been inspecting orchards in the Willamette River and Rogue River Valleys to determine the extent of the damage winter injury from frost, the damage is comparatively slight. In a recent statement Mr. Harvey says: "Greatest injury is noticed in the lower and central sec- tions of the Willamette Valley. In these sec- tions the damage was due to the fact that trees have not properly reached a dormant state of growth and were thereby more sus- ceptible to injury from frost. The Upper Willamette Valley and Columbia Basin came through almost intact as the trees were in a better state of dormancy." An optimistic view of conditions in Southern Oregon is held by
Professor Harvey. Only a few isolated trees show fatal injury. No extensive damage is reported from the commercial orchards of the Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys. "In the Willamette Valley the discoloration of cam- bium tissue on south side of trees just above snow line caused alarm to fruit growers. This discoloration has cleared away in many cases and a vigorous growth has set in which would indicate the ultimate recovery of the trees."
Although the orchards in the Hood River Valley were hit a little by the severe cold weather in December, reports from that section are to the effect that strawberries came thi-ough in good shape and a tine yield and an early crop is now expected. Buyers for canneries are already reported to have been in the Hood River Valley offering 14 cents per pound for canning berries.
The Umpqua Valley Fruit Union located at Roseburg, which is winding up its apple shipments for the 1919-1920 season has shipped 150 cars of apples. The acreage of apples coming into bearing in this district is fast increasing and the next few years will see a large tonnage being shipped from this point. The plantings in this district are in fine condi- tion and the apples being produced are of most excellent quality.
That the fame of the loganberry has reached Canada was shown in a recent purchase at Salem of 40,000 tips which will be set out in British Columbia. The tips were bought by L. Chelvally, superintendent of the Borden Milk Company's plant at Sardis, B. C. Mr. Chevally, who owns a large acreage near that place will set part of it to loganberries.
Fruit growers in Lane County, near Eugene, are contemplating setting a large acreage to strawberries. The section that has been picked out for the new planting is known as Lower Fiddle Creek, where the soil is said to be especially adapted to this berry. In order to give the fruit growers of this district better transportation facilities the county authorities are preparing to build several miles of high- way to reach the railroad direct. Canning berries in the Eugene district brought as high as 15 cents per pound last year.
The Phez Fanns Corporation, a company connected with the Phez Company of Salem, is setting out 30,000 strawberry plants this spring. The planting is being done on a larg» acreage recently acquired in what is known as South Bottom. The varieties being set oul are the Wilson, Trebla and Ettersburg.
The Hood River cider and vinegar plant recently completed its apple crushing opera- tions for the season. The season's run was the heaviest in the history of the plant, the amount of fruit made into cider and vinegar approximating 10,000 tons.
Reports from Salem, the center of the logan- berry industry, are to the effect that buyers are offering still higher prices for these ber- ries for the coming season. Offers of 15 cents per pound were recently reported from that section with only a few" contracts made at this price. The high figure is said to be due to the fact that the crops in many of the berry fields will be cut down by the injury from the freeze in December.
Britt Aspinwall, one of the heaviest pro- ducers of loganberries in the Willamette Val- ley, reports having received orders for 500,000 plants this spring. The orders for these plants have come from all sections of the Pacific Coast and although the price has jumped to §50 per thousand, buyers are reported to be eager to buy them even at that figure.
The Phez Company of Salem, recently con- tracted for an acreage of strawberries from the place of C. W. Swallow, near Oregon City for §160 per ton for 1920 and §140 per ton for the crop in 1921. Several other contracts of this character are reported to have been made in the Oregon City district.
The announcement is made that Frank Moore of Walla Walla, Wash., who owns an apple orchard in the Upper Hood River Valley will soon commence the construction of a modern packing plant and storage house to handle his increasing apple crop. The building will be constructed of concrete and will be three stories high. In the upper story there will be acconmiodations for the help needed at harvest time.
FEATURES
Compactness
Mechanically and Scientifically Correct
Dependable in Operation
Standardized
Factory Built
Absolutely Guaranteed
International Dehydrator.
fi^TEMrs APPLIED FOft
INTEJ^MATIONAL DEHYDRATOR COMPANY
^OS ANCtLES. :.-l-:F-
RECOMMENDED
BY
Satisfied Users
University of California
Scientific Men
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
Operates closed— mak- ing its own drying at- mosphere—not depend- ent on outside conditions
Plant operated by BEALES-KIMBALL FRUIT CO.. Van Nuys, California Photo (Side View) Showing Fan with Air Suction and Air Discharge. Under Deck Contains Condenser, Humidizer, Fire Box and Air Distributor
INTERNATIONAL DEHYDRATOR
Is the only Dehydrating Plant Embracing and Containing Every Feature Malcp IIq Prnvp It Recommended After Years of Research by the University of California Iflqivc rruve ii.
Price Reasonable, Terms Convenient Delivery Prompt on Immediate Orders
Fruit and Vegetables Now Lost
Will More Than Pay the Purchase Cost
WRITE OR WIRE
International Dehydrator Company
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MEXTIO.V BETTER FRUIT
Page 26
BETTER FRUIT
April, ig20
With 24,000 acres of fruit signed up by the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, the management of the organization is now turn- ing its attention to providing the plants nec- essary to handle the tonnage during the coming season. While no announcement has been made as to just where these plants will be located as yet, the oflicers of the association have under consideration tentative plans which are expected to be put into execution shortly.
An innovation that is causing considerable interest among fruit men in the Medford dis- trict is the announcement of the installation by the Bardwell Fruit Company of two box making machines. These machines are the first of this kind to be installed in this district and will have a capacity of 2,000 boxes per day. The Bardwell Company is establishing equipment in its plant which it expects to almost entirely do away with hand labor in packing fruit. The equipment consists of a Cutler grading machine, Doig box nailing ma- chine and a Matthews gravity conveyor system.
WASHINGTON. Fruit growers and others interested in the better transportation of fruit and produce from the Wenatchee district are much encour- aged over the outcome of a meeting recently held at Wenatchee to consider the proposition of building a railroad from that district to Pasco, to connect with the transcontinental lines which touch that point. At the meeting which was held under the auspices of the Wenatchee Commercial Club, 25 per cent of the cost of the road was pledged by Wenatchee citizens. With this amount of the cost of building the road assumed by popular sub- scription it is believed that the remaining amount necessary can be taken care of by issuing bonds. As planned the first link of the road, which would follow the Columbia River would extend from Wenatchee to Bev- erly, where it would connect with the Mil-
waukee railroad. Ultimately, however, it is planned to extend the road on to Pasco. The amount considered necessary to build the road is 15,000,000. It is proposed to raise $500,000 of this amount among the citizens of Northern Washington.
In addressing a meeting of 200 berry grow- ers recently at Seattle, J. L. Stahl, horticultur- ist at the Western Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, advised prospective berry growers not to put all their fruit in one basket, or in other words to diversify. In this con- nection Mr. Stahl said: "If I had ten acres of land and was going into berry growing I would not devote it exclusively to one fruit. I would plant a variety. On the gravelly spots I would put in strawberries, in the light soil red raspberries, and in the heavier soils loganberries or blackberries. Occasion- ally, even in this favored country some crop will fail, and if your berry crops are diversi- fied you will fare better."
In District No. 4, Mr. Darlington reports some damage to stone fruits, apricots and peaches showing the most injury, but he looks for a normal crop of apples. In the Yakima section. District 5, the conditions range about the same as in District No. 3. In some peach orchards we find a very large per cent of live buds, enough to warrant a good crop, while in others the conditions are quite the reverse. Pears were also injured in some parts of the Yakima country, as well as cherries. In the sixth district, the prune section of the state, Mr. Fletcher reports a slight injury to the prune crop, but believes that under favorable conditions we have reason to expect a reason- able crop of prunes. In other counties on the west side, where we find the principal bush fruit interests, there is evidently some injury to the loganberry canes which were left on the trellises, but those which were still on the ground show but little injury. Mr. Huff has reported some damage to the rasp- berry canes, but he cannot tell the extent of it at this time.
At the annual meeting of the Yellow Pine Box and Lumber Company at Yakima, a re- port of the business for last year showed that 600,000 fruit boxes were manufactured and delivered and that all preferred stock- holders received boxes at 13 cents a box. The company paid 8 per cent dividends to pre- ferred stockholders, besides making a sub- stantial surplus earning. Between 800,000 and 1,000,000 boxes will be manufactured this year. A limited portion of the output is now being sold to preferred stockholders at 23 cents per box.
The loading of apples in box cars for ship- ment east has been started in the Wenatchee district, and in the opinion of local shippers this method is the only one that offers any hope for moving the crop. Arrivals of empty refrigerator cars continue to be at a low ebb, only about 10 or 12 cars a day being received. Total shipments to date amount to 10,632 car- loads of apples, leaving nearly 1500 cars still to be forwarded.
Plans for four new apple warehouses, to cost from $10,000 to $20,000 each, to be erected this year, have been favorably considered by trustees of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Com- pany. The company contemplated the erection this summer of warehouses at Grant Orchards, Greenacres, Coeur d'Alene and Sunset. The proposed warehouses will have storage facili- ties for 40,000 to 80,000 boxes each. They will be frame construction with filled walls. The company's experience during the cold spell of last December was that fruit withstood the extreme weather better in such warehouses. They can be made ready for the 1920 crop. The erection of a fruit storage warehouse of several hundred cars capacity at Otis Or- chards by the Earl Fruit Company, as an addi- tion to the company's packing and storage plant already there, is being considered.
Indications are that Yakima cider plants, which annually pay growers of the valley in the neighborhood of $75,000 for cull apples will go out of business this season and the plants be converted to other uses. Operators declare it is impossible to manufacture com- mercial cider which will not develop an alcoholic content in a short time exceeding the lawful amount.
A new cold storage warehouse of four stories and a capacity of 800 cars of apples, in addi- tion to space for the storage of a vast quantity of other perishable food produce, will be erected in Spokane at an approximate cost of $600,000. J. W. Turner, manager of the Arctic Cold Storage and Warehouse Company, is heading the project and it is supported by the allied interests of Spokane, including the Earl Fruit Company, the Spokane Fruit Growers,
G. L. Davenport
Grower and Shipper
MOSIER, OREGON
MAIN OFFICE 147 Front Street, PORTLAND, OREGON
Nice Bright Western Pine
FRUIT BOXES
AND CRATES
Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices.
Western Pine Box Sales Co.
SPOKANE, WASH.
5 Great Novelties
on r»to 'The glorious ulOi crims-on Wool-
! flower recently intro- duced by us has succeeded , everywhere and proved i to be the most showy gar- ' den annual. Nothing can surpass the mass of bloom which it shows all Summer and Fall.
M'e now have three new colors — pink, yellow and 1^ scarlet, aswellascrimson. All these colors mixed, 20 cts. per pkt.
With each order we Bend 1 trial pkt. each of Giant Kochia, most deco- rative foliage annual. Salvia Hybrids, white, pink, striped, scarlet, plumed, etc., mixed. Japan Iris, new hybrids, all colors. Magnificent. Giant Centaurea, superb for garden or vases.
And our Big Catalog, all for 20 cts. Big Catalog, free. All flower and vegetable seeds, bulljs, plants and new berries. We grow the finest Gladioli, Dahlias, Cannas, Iri^^es, Peonies, Perennials, Shrubs. Vines, Ferns, Peas, Asters, Pansies, etc. All special prize strains, and many sterling novelties. JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Inc. Floral Park, N.Y.
This is
the Point
FRUIT WRAPPER'
Chemically Treated "Caro'^ Protects
"Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up)
"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit
Why?
Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is worth shipping it is worth keeping in best condition.
Demand "CARO"— Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO"— The Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco
WHEN WTRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 2/
the Northwest Fruit Growers' Exchange and individual capitalists. The plan is to form a new company to absorb the present Arctic Cold Storage and Warehouse Company, an es- tablished concern of many years' standing, with its miscellaneous cold storage business, consisting of butter, eggs, beef and other food products. This will be Unit C in the final plant. The building will be of reinforced concrete, four stories, with a foundation cap- able of bearing four more stories later. It will be modern in machinery and equipment and as first constructed will have a capacity of 800 carloads of apples at one time in addition to other products. When four more stories are added its apple capacity will be 1000 carloads. There will be 45,000 square feet of space to each floor and a total of a million and a half cubic feet of space. It is proposed to start work on the building so that it will be com- pleted in November. This territory produces 20,000 cars of apples annually, but shippers cannot consign to Seattle for cold storage be- cause of the back haul rates.
The Price Manufacturing Company of Yak- ima, is the name of a new company which has taken over the manufacture of the Price fruit sizer and other packing house equipment. The memLers of the new firm are A. W. Richter and C. A. Palmer. Mr. W. G. Price, who was the inventor of the apple sizing machine that bears his name will be retained by the new company in an advisory capacity. Mr. Rich- ter, who is president of the new concern, is a graduate of Cornell University, having specialized in mechanical engineering. Mr. Palmer is a graduate of Whitman College and has been instructor in chemistry and physics at the Yakima High School for several years.
In commenting on the outlook for the fruit crop in the State of Washington for the com- ing season, M. L. Dean, chief of the division of horticulture of the Washington State De- partment of Agriculture, summarizes as fol- lows: "It is impossible to tell the exact extent of winter injury to the stone fruits and bush fruits until growth starts. Hence, pruning of the soft fruits should be very carefully done so as not to destroy any prospective fruit buds. Beginning with District No. 1 in the vicinity of Walla Walla, our present ob- servations are that along the Snake River territory, there will probably be about a 50 per cent crop of peaches and apricots, cherries running from 75 per cent to 90 per cent. In the vicinity of Clarkston there is little evident damage at the present time. In the Walla Walla section proper, there is not enough damage to perceptibly affect a normal crop. In the second district in the vicinity of Spo- kane we find some damage to pears and cher- ries, but no serious injury to apples. In the Kettle Falls country, Stevens County, the tem- peratures ranged below 20 and these is con- siderable damage in sight, especially to the stone fruits; pears are injured somewhat in that territory. In the third district, the lower Yakima country, the injury is spotted. There are places where the cherries and peaches seem to be practically all killed, with some blackening of the pear wood and evident in- jury to the bud, but in other places the dam- age is very slight and there is a promise of a 50 per cent crop. The apples do not show any serious injury."
IDAHO.
The addition of an entomologist, an assist- ant dairy specialist, and an assistant in rodent control to the staff of specialists of the Uni- versity of Idaho Extension Division is an- nounced. These, with the sheep specialist, whose employment was announced a little more than a week ago, will bring the number of specialists to twenty-three. Besides these, the federal predatory animal inspector for Idaho has taken offices with the extension staff and will work in cooperation with ex- tension workers. Claude Wakeland of Fort Collins, Colorado, who has been assistant state entomologist for Colorado, is the new extension entomologist. He will begin his Idaho employment April 1. He will take up the fight against the alfalfa weevil, the codling moth, the grasshopper, cricket and other in- sect pests. One of his methods of fighting the weevil will be to demonstrate the use of a power sprayer on a Ford auto truck, a system which has been employed in Colorado. Propa- gation of parasites to destroy the weevil aiso will be undertaken. Other extension special- ists who will be connected with the horticul- tural work of the University are: F. B. Hitch- cock, soils specialist; E. R. Bennett, field hor- ticulturist; B. F. Sheehan, field agronomist and state seed commissioner; C. B. Ahlson, assist- and field agronomist; Jessie C. Ayres, state seed analyst; Claire Hobson, assistant state seed analyst.
When one survivor breeds a thousand enemies
— you can't afford to spray with untested preparations or chemicals of unknown quality. One surviving codling moth, for example, lays from thirty to a hundred eggs, The hatched larvae soon develop into moths and produce a second genera- tion — often a third brood may form in a season.
Use only chemicals of proved strength and merit, and mixtures approved by state and federal experimental stations.
Grasselli Grade Specialties Arsenate of Lead Paste and Powder Calcium Arsenate Lime Sulphur Solution Bordeaux Mixture Sulphate of Nicotine
are time-tested products, made and bached by a firm 81 years old in the chemical field.
It will pay you to specify Grasselli Grade when ordering your spray materials. You will find Grasselli Dealers handily located in every fruit and farming section.
The Grasselli Chemical Co.
Founded in 1839 Cleveland
GRASSELLI GRADE Insecticides and Fungicides
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 28
BETTER FRUIT
April, Ip20
r
INJURY FROM
FRUIT TREE PESTS
ETERNAL vigilance, and the prompt application of the most reliable and effective spraying materials is neces- sary to insure a profitable crop.
Some people may be able to afford gambling on some things, but mighty few fruit growers are willing to risk a crop failure by taking chances on spraying materials.
Our appeal is to the thought- ful fruit grower who fights shy of unsupported claims, and demands to be shown. It is to him, who, if he were raising live stock would own full blooded sires; or if corn, would see to it that the seed was perfect.
To such fruit growers we offer Orchard Brand Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead as a crop and tree protection. It has been proved effective. Its results are known. We shall be glad to give you the names of many successful fruit growers who are enthu- siastic about its results.
Suggestion : Write for the booklet.
Also write for Bulletin No. 3 on Dormant Spraying of Deciduous Fruit Trees.
Other spray materials, for specific purposes, we recommend are :
Orchard Brand Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead.
Orchard Brand Arsenate of Lead,
Standard paste. Orchard Brand Atomic Sulphur
(patented). Orchard Brand Bordeaux Mixture paste. Orchard Brand Powdered Bordeaux
■Mixture.
Orchard Brand Lime Sulphur Solution. B T S Dry Sulphur Compound (patented). Orchard Brand Weed Killer. Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil. Universal Brand Miscible Oil. Universal Brand Distillate Oil Emulsion. Liquid Whale Oil Soap.
Our interests are the same as yours. Write us about your tree troubles.
General Chemical Company
770 Royal Insurance Building, Dept. A
San Francisco, California
Timely Topics and Advice for Fruitgrowers
As the spraying season is at hand it will be well to beware of the man who offers to spray your fruit trees for a few cents a tree. According to reports made on this question by various experts who have conducted experi- ments to determine the cost of spraying or- chards it costs from 50 to 60 cents per tree to spray trees that have reached an age of 15 to 18 years with four sprays. Therefore it will be the part of wisdom to avoid the man who offers to spray your orchard at a very cheap figure.
If you are contemplating buying nursery stock do not go into the deal with your eyes closed. Patronize only reliable dealers and insist that the stock shall be entirely free from disease and in perfect condition. In disregarding this advice you are liable to intro- duce into your new orchard or berry patch troubles that it will take years to overcome.
In writing of the comparative merits of cal- cium arsenate and arsenate of lead, W. S. Regan of the Massachusetts Experiment Sta- tion at Amherst, says: "The killing efficiency for the powdered forms of arsenate of lead and calcium arsenate, pound for puond, is about equal, the former containing about 33 per cent of arsenic and the latter about 43 per cent. Based on an equal arsenical content for a given amount of spray solution, there is a slight advantage in killing power in favor of arsenate of lead. Arsenate of lead is the best poison to use alone. Calcium arsenate cannot be used safely alone upon foliage, but must be combined with milk of lime or a fungicide, such as lime sulphur or bordeaux mixture. If combined with milk of lime its cost is in- creased so that it is practically equal to that of arsenate of lead, thus giving the latter the preference because of superior killing power. Arsenate of calcium is the only arsenical which can be safely combined with lime sulphur or other sulphid sprays, and this combination is the logical orchard arsenifcal fungicide. Ar- senate of lead seems to work slightly better with bordeaux mixture, but calcium arsenate is probably cheaper, so that the question of which to choose for use with this fungicide is mainly a matter of convenience. Prospective purchasers of calcium arsenate should buy only from reliable dealers, and should follow directions for application carefully."
Carbon bisulphide is now claimed to be the most effective means of ridding orchards and fields of ground squirrels and gophers. The treatment now being used is what is known as the waste ball method which when properly applied, it is said, will kill 90 per cent of rodent pests. The method of using the carbon bisulphide waste ball is after opening the
container to pour enough water on top of the liquid to completely cover it so as to prevept evaporation. In using a cork, seal with glue, mucilage or glycerine. Place the required number of waste balls in a bucket and pour in enough carbon bisulphide to completely cover them. Then place a waste ball in every burrow of the colony or village. Allow at least two minutes for the gas to permeate the burrows, and then ignite the gas in each bur- row with a torch or match. Please be careful when igniting the gas ; the operator should stand well to one side when doing this. The waste balls should be dropped as deeply as possible in the burrows and care should be taken not to cover them when closing the open- ing or mouth of the burrow. When all the burrows have been ignited close them up, using plenty of earth; pack the opening of the burrows tightly with the feet. Be careful in igniting the gas that there is no dry vegeta- tion around the burrows as the burning gas is liable to start a fire.
In planting your cherry orchard do not for- get your pollenizers. As you will probably plant Royal Annes, Bings or Lamberts, the varieties that will poUenize these standard cherries are the Long Stemmed Waterhouse, Tartarian, Black Republican, Coe, Elton, Wood and a number of seedlings. The Long Stemmed Waterhouse is considered the best as apart from its being one of the most efficient poUen- izers it brings a price on the market almost equal to the Royal Ann, Ring, or Lambert.
Remarkable results are now being obtained by the use of sulphur for many soil crops and in preparing soils to secure more complete action from the use of other fertilizers. Some of the highly desirable results secured through the vise of sulphur are that it improves alkali soils, promotes nitrification and transforms latent phosphates and potash into available plant food. If you are interested in using sulphur you will find it worth while to secure a bulletin on the subject from your nearest agricultural college experiment station.
The home garden on the fruit ranch should not be neglected or forgotten. To secure the best results the garden should be planted in long, straight rows and cultivated once a week with a horse, according to United States Department of Agriculture specialists. If this much is done by the men the work of the women will be materially reduced. The care of a home garden is not hard work if the fitting of the land and the main part of the cultivation is done with horse-drawn tools. Plan the farm garden right, work it right, and it will prove the most profitable piece of land on the farm.
THrows
The Hardie Orchard
Gun saves your time and muscle — no long, heavy rods to hold.
Turns a big job into a little one. One man with a Hardie Gun will do more work and do it better than two men with the old-fashioned rods.
Hardie Orchard Gun $12
Low price made possible by big production — send for the Hardie Catalog today. Hardie Sprayers and spraying de- vices standard for 18 years.
Eventually
if you spray with a "gutf you will get
A
HARDIE
The Hardie Mfg. Co.
55 North Front Street, Portland
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 2p
TlTlTlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIJl^^^^^^
Handle Things by Gravity
EVERY pair of hands and legs you relieve from lugging, wheeling or hauling crates, barrels, boxes, etc., froro place to place, immediately becomes available for more productive work. And when you do that costs start to drop ; output and profits increase.
The Mathews steel ball-bearing Roll- er Conveyer not only takes the place of human labor, but it entails no expense for power. Gravity operates it!
The Mathews carries most anything most anywhere — over, under or around obstacles, or straight-away. Portable or permanent installation. No upkeep worth mentioning; never goes on strike; demands no pay envelope; incurs no power bills !
Our engineers' suggestions as to how and where the Mathews can be made profitable to you cost nothing. Write.
Packing, warehoasi'n^ aticl shipping ; loading and unload- ing cars, trucks and wagons — a!l can be accomplished more quickly and more cheaply with the Mathews Gravity Conveyer. A. size and style for every purpose.
GRAVnYRO:
CONVEYER
MATHEWS GRAVITY CARRIER CO.
133 Tenth Street, Ellwood City, Pa. Cranch Factories : Port H o p e, O n t a r i o— L on d on, England
What They're Doing in California
SufRcient water for the coming growing sea- son is reported to be the one big thing that is now occupying the attention of the farmers and fruit growers of California. In the Santa Clara Valley not only farmers and fruit growers, but the business men as well have been actively engaged for the past two months in the prelim- inary work of organizing to perfect some sys- tem of conserving and increasing the under- ground supply of water for irrigation pur- poses.
Good prune orchards in the Santa Clara Valley are reported to be still holding up in price and $2,000 per acre is the figure quoted for good producing orchards. Many growers there, it is stated, have refused to sell at this price. Those who are looking into fruitland prices closely in California say that whether such values can be maintained depends upon the quantity and quality of the coming season's crop and the base price to be fixed by the Cali- fornia Prune and Apricot Growers' Association.
The diversity of fruit and vegetable ship- ments from some of the districts in California make interesting reading. As an instance: There were 5731 carloads of products shipped from Turlock during the year 1919, which is the largest in its history. Cantaloupes led the list with 2719 cars. The list as given out by the two railroads is as follows: Beans, 113 cars; barley, 98 cars; cantaloupes, 2719 cars; canned goods, 209 cars; casabas, 296 cars; dried fruit, 71 cars; grain, 220 cars; corn, 56 cars; grapes, 307 cars; hay, 13 cars; Honey Dew melons, 41 cars; livestock, 170 cars; peaches, 79 cars; peach pits, 3 cars; Persian melons, 3 cars; spinach, 9 cars; sweet potatoes, 203 cars; watermelons, 1037 cars; miscella- neous, 84 cars.
P. J. Dreher was recently elected president of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange. Mr. Dreher has been identified with the citrus fruit industry of the state since 1886 and was one of the leaders in perfecting the system now in use there of cooperative marketing of citrus fruits.
Realizing the strength and permanency of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange it is reported that independent citrus fruit opera-
tors are contemplating an organization to rep- resent them in their operations in the citrus fruit belt. This move is said to be due to the gradual extension of the cooperative organiza- tion which is reported to be handling 72 per cent of the citrus fruit crop of California. One of the features which the independent organization is proposing is to buy the fruit it handles on a spot cash basis.
Wine grape growers in California are so en- couraged over the success attained last year in drying their product and the satisfactory prices received that they are now reported to have abandoned the idea of plowing up their vineyards. Contracts that are being made for wine grapes in California this year are said to run as high as $70 per ton. It is also found that by blending the wine grapes with some of the dark red and purple varieties that a juice is obtained that makes a high grade commercial grape juice drink and grape syrup.
Pacific Coast headquarters for the United States Bureau of Entomology were opened in Sacramento this week. The bureau concen- trates its attention on the study of insect pests that infect growing crops. Work in California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Ari- zona and New Mexico will be directed from the Sacramento headquarters.
Peach growers in the Sacramento Valley are expecting $100 a ton for this year's crop. The highest price paid last year was $85.
Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruit Growing
The market for Northwestern box apples picked up during the past month and showed a much stronger tone, but the car shortage handicapped shippers and prevented as large *a distribution of fruit as the market was will- ing to take. Indications at the present time are that the stocks of box apples in the Northwest will be cleaned up at satisfactory figures and that cars will be more plentiful.
According to a recent statement of Charles J. Brand, general manager of the American Fruitgrowers, Inc., which owns large holdings of orchards in various sections of the country, the olTicers of that corporation are not worry-
ing about the future success of the apple in- dustry. Mr. Brand says that the company he represents has faith in the future of the apple business or they would not have made such large investments in it. Continuing he re- marked: "There may be years when apples will sell at less than the cost of production, but that is only what may be expected in any business. Such years will teach us to organize our productive and marketing methods upon a more efficient and economical basis and prob- ably they may result in a general organization of all apple growers into some sort of an asso- ciation for the protection and furtherance of mutual interests. This can never be done dur- ing prosperous years; hard times alone will bring producers together upon this kind of a basis."
The Joseph J. White Company of Lisbon, N. J., which is endeavoring to improve the huckleberry so that it will be grown and cultivated the same as other bush fruits, an- nounces that its campaign last- year to secure fine samples of these berries received wide- spread attention. Letters of inquiry in regard to the proposition were received from thirty- eight different states and also from Alaska and Canada. Over one hundred samples of blue- berries were received, nearly all of which were smaller than those produced on plants already tried and discarded. No berries of the re- quired size were sent, but one plant was pur- chased for $25.00. This, from the Province of Quebec, Canada, had berries over five- eighths inches in diameter. It was of a north- ern species not likely to be of value in New .Jersey, but was especially wanted for the breeding work of the United States Department of Agriculture. The offer of $50.00 for a blue- berry or huckleberry bush with berries as large as a cent (three-quarters inches across) is continued this summer. Plants with berries of this size are needed to cross with such plants already found in New Jersey. If they can be located in states north or south they will make possible the development of fine blueberries with a greater range of adaptabil- ity to climate.
While imports of fruits of various kinds are being brought into the United States it is something of an innovation to know that quite a large quantity of dried currants from Greece are finding their way to the ports of Uncle
Page so
BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
Sam. During the month of February, accord- ing to a report from the United States consul at Patras, 1,500 tons of this dried fruit valued at over $1,000,000 were sent to America. The total amount of stock for shipment at that time was reported to be 10,000 tons, a large part of which was being bought by American importers.
The amount of potash produced in Germany during 1919 was 946,000 short tons. Two hun- dred and sixty-four thousand tons of this amount was sold abroad, the remainder being retained for home requirements.
Cannery Notes
At the recent meeting of the Northwest Can- ners' Association held in Portland, J. O. Holt of Eugene, was elected president; W. G. Allen of Salem, vice-president and D. I. Matthews of Portland, secretary-treasurer.
The Oregon Public Service Commission re- cently granted the A. Rupert Company, Inc., permission to construct a spur track at Falls City, Oregon, in order to allow the company to extend its shipping operations.
The Rogue River Valley Canning Company of Medford, is already making contracts for the 1920 season's pack of vegetables and all kinds of fruits.
The Washington Dehydrating Company, which operates plants at Yakima, Grandview, Wenatchee and Walla Walla, handled 7,000 tons of green fruit from July 1, 1919 to March 1 of the present year. The amount paid grow- ers for fruit was over $200,000.
Fruits and vegetables to the value of $40,000 were put up by the cannery at Ashland, Ore- gon, during the past season. The quantity of product canned was as follows: Tomatoes, 200,000 pounds; apples, 143,000 pounds; peaches, 125,000; pears, 87,000; plums, 15,000; beans, 14,418; apricots, 4,418; cherries, 2,150; pumpkin, 2,500. The number of cans of all sizes used was about 120,000, of which over 50,000 were gallon containers.
According to cannerymen the price of canned goods will be higher this year than last. The high prices of fresh fruit and high labor costs are given as the reasons.
The plan to consolidate the Lewis County
cannery, located at Chehalis, Washington, with the Puyallup and Sumner Fruitgrowers' Can- ning Company has been abandoned and the plant will be operated during the coming season as an independent local company. A number of prominent business men in the county have become interested in the concern which has been placed under the management of Dan W. Bush.
Construction work has been started on a new $40,000 cannery at Stockton, California. The plant will employ about 350 workers and expects to handle 2,000 tons of green fruit and to pack 2,000 tons of grapes and dried fruit. The new plant will be completed in time to start the season with the cherry crop.
Although there are now 38 fruit and vege- table canneries in San Jose and other sec- tions of Santa Clara County, California, mak- ing it the fruit canning center of that state, extensive additions are being made to several of the plants in order to take care of an ex- pected large increase in the business this year.
Sacramento Valley canneries started putting up spinach on March 9. The crop is excep- tionally large.
Many Tractors Sold at Hood River.
The Hood River Glacier notes that the interest of orchardists in tractors as motive power for their industry is at high pitch here. Since the first of the year a total of 32 tractors has been sold at Hood River. The sales reported are as follows: Cletracs, 15; Fordsons, 9; Case, 3; Fageol, 3, and International Harvester Co., 2. Dealers declare that sales would have been heavier to date, had more machines been available.
Roads to Be Lined With Trees.
Through the generosity and public spirit of the Washington Nursery Com- pany the principal roads leading into the town of Toppenish, Wash., are to be lined with hardwood shade trees. The trees which were donated by the nursery company consist of several hundred walnuts, elms and maples and will be planned by the local commer- cial club.
The Straw^berry Weevil. The New Jersey Experiment Station says the strawberry weevil can be fought off by dusting the plants as the buds appear. The dust is composed of one part dry arsenate of lead and five parts powdered sulphur. This does not kill all the weevils, but drives them away.
Cheesecloth bags, the naked hand and other devices were used by growers in New Jersey who did not care to buy the powder gun, but to Tony Rizotte be- longs the honor of evolving the most ingenious hand device for sifting. He covered a common wire horse muzzle with one thickness of copper mosquito netting and drew the edges up to the rim. The inventor then bent a 3-foot hickory sapling, fastening it to oppo- site sides of the rim. This served as a handle by which the improvised basket filled with the powder could be twirled with more or less force, depending on the width of the rows.
Planting the Peach and Plum.
As soon as the trees are set out cut back the tops. Peaches and plums should be headed 18 inches from the ground and apples and pears 32 inches. Young trees require the best of care and cultivation. Practice frequent cultiva- tion during the summer and plant a cover crop in the early autumn.
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II CONSUITING \l II HORTICULTURIST II
PROFESSOR W. S.THORNBER
Formerly
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING
Later
DIRECTOR OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE
OF THE
STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON
WILL ADVISE with fruit-growers upon all horticultural problems, including selection and preparation of orchard lands; propagation and care of nursery stock; planting and care of young orchards and small fruit plantations; the control of codling moth, San Jose scale, blight and other orchard pests; the preparation of lime-sulphur at home and the mixing of other sprays; economical orchard management; the irrigation and fertilization of orchard lands; the use of cover-crops and grass mulches; the pruning of fruit trees, shade trees, shrubs, bushes and vines; the renovation of old or neglected orchards, top- working or replacing of poor or unprofitable trees, and the examining and the working out of practical management plans for large orchards and orchard companies.
If your orchard has not been a financial success, and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns I will assist you in working out your problem.
WRITE FOR TERMS
W. S.THORNBER
LEWISTON, IDAHO
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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 31
Fig'Kt Film
To Save Your TeetH
All Statements Approved by High Dental Authorities
The Science of Dehydration
(From California Cultivator, March 13, 1920)
What is dehydration? We asked Dr. Clements of the Agricultural Depart- ment of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce this question and he an- swered:
"Dehydration means the reduction of organic materials to a desiccated condi- tion without alteration of cellular structure or chemical change. In other words, the elimination of the greater part of the water content." . In addition, Dr. Clements said:
"Two years ago, while under stress of war, the British government made some interesting and very successful tests in the dehydration of berries and other highly colored fruits and vege- tables in an atmosphere of nitrogen, but the process was far too expensive to be utilized in general manufacture. The object of the British government at that time was to overcome the enor- mous cost of $3,000 per car Los Angeles to Port Sarnia — recognizing that one carload of dehydrated berries would be the equivalent of 20 carloads of the fresh iced material, the strawberries having been frozen in barrels and kept so until ready for preserving. I might add that the expense through dehydra- tion in nitrogen was much greater than the 13,000 under icing.
"The necessity for this neutral at- mosphere is due to the coloring matter of all fruits and vegentables being iron and iron salts, and to the instability of their chemical formation and suscepti- bility to oxygen and ozone. In any de- hydration, either electrical or otherwise in which there is vibration or artificial wind drafts, the excess of oxygen, and a still more deleterious product — ozone — results in the blanching of the product.
"The International people seem to have stumbled upon this one principle accidentally — the use of carbonic acid gas, being a by-product of simple com- bustion in the creation of heat within the deshydration plant itself, carbonic acid gas being so much heavier than the normal atmosphere, forces it to the top of the container and excludes any possibility of ozone or excess of oyxgen. Another item of interest is the embodi- ment of the humidor principle, which has been accepted, lock, stock and bar- rel, by the United States government in the kiln drying of all woods necessary to the airplane. The humid atmosphere moistening the superstructure or en- velope of the material to be dehydrated stimulates capillary attraction, making release of retained moisture even, and a uniform product results.
"This makes a very complicated prob- lem and places dehydration directly in the hands of the chemist and biologist."
Import Many Pounds of Filberts.
During the year of 1919, 3,778,985 pounds of shelled and 16,767,304 pounds of unshelled filberts were imported into the United States. The value of these nuts was over $7,500,000. The heaviest importation of filberts was from Italy, which furnished over 14,000,000 pounds.
It is Film that Ruins Teeth
This is why brushed teeth discolor and decay. And why old methods of cleaning have proved so inadequate.
Your teeth are covered with a slimy film. It clings to them, enters crevices and stays. That film is the cause of most tooth troubles.
The tooth brush does not end it. The ordinary dentifrice does not dissolve it. So, month after month, that film remains and may do a ceaseless damage.
That film is what discolors — not the teeth. It is the basis of tartar. It holds food substance which fer- ments and forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay.
Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyorrhea. Also of many other troubles.
Dental science, after years of searching, has found a way to com- bat that film. Able authorities have proved the method by many careful tests. And now, after years of prov- ing, leading dentists all over America are urging its daily use.
Now Sent for Home Tests
For home use this method is em- bodied in a dentifrice called Pepso- dent. And a lo-Day Tube is sent without charge to anyone who asks.
Pepsodent is based on pepsin, the digestant of albumin. The film is albuminous matter. The object of Pepsodent is to dissolve it, then to day by day combat it.
The way seems simple, but for long pepsin seemed impossible. It must be activated, and the usual agent is an acid harmful to the teeth. But science has discovered a harm- less activating method. And millions of teeth are now cleaned daily in this efficient way.
Let a ten-day test show what this new way means. The results are important, both to you and yours. Compare them with results of old- time methods and you will then know what is best.
Cut out the coupon now so you won't forget.
REG.U.S ■
The New- Day Dentifrice
Now advised by leading dentists. Druggists everywhere are supplied with large tubes.
See What It Does
Get this 10-Day Tube. Note how clean teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the slimy film. See how teeth whiten as the fixed film disappears. Learn what clean teeth mean.
Ten-Day Tube Free
THE PEPSODENT COMPANY, Dept. 426, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. Mail 10-Day Tube of Pepsodent to
Name
Address
One tube to a family.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page
BETTER FRUIT
April, 1^20
Soil and Climate Big Factors in Berry Growing
By D. E. Towle, Gresham, Oregon
THINKING your readers would be interested in learning something of the possibilities of berry farming in Eastern Multnomah County, especially in the territory tributary to Gresham, I concluded to ask you for a little space. If you will glance at the county map you will note Gresham's location, some 20 odd miles southeast of the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers and on an air line towards Mt. Hood. It seems that nature believes in special- izing and providing special localities for certain products — to-wit, Hood River spells apples; Southern Califor- nia Sunkist oranges, and Gresham ber- ries. Why? Well, there is a reason and it can be expressed in two words — soil and climate.
The soil is different from the average soil of the coast country, being a mix- ture of volcanic ash and Columbia river sand forming a soil that is easily tilled, very fertile and being underlaid with a water-bearing sand, the soil is sub-irrigated and with good cultivation holds an ample supply of moisture to mature the finest quality of strawber- ries, raspberries and loganberries in the driest seasons. There is also an- other peculiar local factor that helps to bring the berries to their high stand- ard of perfection which in time will give them a world reputation for qual- ity. It is that life-giving sea breeze that naturally rolls up the Columbia river during the summer season and spreads out over this favored locality. To con- vince yourself of this, please take an- other look at the map, and knowing as you do that the prevailing summer wind is from the Northwest, please draw a line from the mouth of the Columbia river in a southeast direction and you will be convinced that Gresham's berry territory gets the sea breeze direct.
I have briefly outlined the reason for our success in berry growing in soil and climate. The third reason is intelli- gence and industry by the farmer and then success is assured. This opinion is based on six years of observation and experience. The quality of the berries, especially raspberries and loganberries, is admitted as being superior by our leading coast canners. The berries all come to full maturity with good culti- vation and this means good yields. The raspberry harvest usually extends over a six weeks' period. So you can see that the development is nearly perfect. The berries all mature, and the last picking yields the largest berries. The best yields I know of are four tons to the acre, three tons is a good crop, two tons fair and less poor. The picking cost takes about one-third, Cultivation costs about one-third and at present values this leaves a good rental for the land. The price of land here ranges from $200 to $500 per acre. This price may seem high but good berry lands are worth more. I have no land for sale but have bought some very recently and it is not for sale.
Berry growing in this territory ap- peals equally to the man with capital
and to those with little means. The unit holding should be not less than five acres and ten acres is ideal for one man to operate and will produce a good living for an average family. Berry farming is not heavy work and is spread out well over the year. Cutting out the old canes and pruning can be done from October 1st to April 1st, and the plowing, cultivating and hoeing during the next three months, then the harvest and a thirty-day vacation season be- fore you start the new berry year. In addition to an acreage of berries we recommend the keeping of a flock of 100 or 200 hens, a pig and a cow. The Gresham territory is well developed. We have a large mileage of hard sur- faced roads and the balance of the roads are good the year around. Elec- tricity is available in most of the ter- ritory for light and power purposes at a reasonable price. We also have city gas, telephones and special daily paper deliveries; rural mail delivery, good grade schools, a central Union High school. This is a union of five rural districts with Gresham. We have an enrollment of 225 students and a very efficient staff of instructors. The studies include a course in agriculture, manual training and domestic science. The fact is your child graduating from this school is well qualified to take up any line of work except the profession. We have a jitney service that calls for your child in the morning and returns it safely after school. Nearly all of the different religious denominations are organized in the district. To enum- erate, Presbyterian, Methodist, Free Methodist, Baptist, Evangelical, Luther- an, Catholic and Christian Science, and if you cannot find a church house in these enumerated you are within an hour's ride of the city of Portland in which all sects can find a church home. Gresham has an hourly electric car service to Portland and also an auto jit- ney service. If this is not satisfactory use your own car. It is a beautiful 45-minute drive. Being near the city is no mean advantage for our locality, especially from a berry grower's stand- point, as berries must be picked and we look to Portland for the pickers. Berry picking is a school vacation-time job and affords a pleasant and profit- able camping out vacation to the city women and boys and girls. The pick- ers express their delight in the change from the restrictions of city life to the freedom and pure air, sunshine and shade and the chance to commune with nature. Berry picking is not hard work but the work is good exercise. The picker is benefitted mentally by relaxa- tion, physically by the exercise and materially by the cash received.
So, Mr. Editor, to sum up the outlook for berry growers in the Gresham dis- trict, I think you will agree with me, that the future prospect is really bright as the combination as enumerated is hard to beat. First, suitable soil and climate for production; second, a qual- ity that is par excellance and third, the
territory adapted to these products is limited; fourth, being near the city in- sures the harvest help, fifth, we have a State Growers' Association, a State Man- ufacturing Association with the selling end in good hands. Sixth, at least six large going concerns, privately owned, who are in the market for ten times the berry product obtainable. Seventh, national prohibition and a substitute needed without a kick. Eighth, we have a healthy growers' cooperative associa- tion that is ready to help the newcomer and will try to steer him right as to location, methods of culture, etc.
Now a last word to the prospective berry grower. If you are convinced that what I have written is true and if you are interested and would like to better your circumstances by growing berries or if you are not sure of the truth of these claims made for this ter- ritory, all we ask you to do is to come out and look our locality over and sat- isfy yourself. Personally, I have no special interest in your welfare but I have that common interest in commun- ity development and the helping of ray fellowmen that prompts the writing of this article.
Eveiything for the Garden
1920 160-page Catalog Free 145 847 205 St. PoR-rt. AW ■» Om
D-2 '
I One Man I Alone Handles I Biggest Stumps! (
»end No Money!
If satisfied, keep puller. If , not pleased, return at y our expense. You don't 1 risk a penny. Four easy ways to pay,
'fCirstin
I One-Man Stump Puller
Weighs less — costs less — yet has
I- greater speed, strength, power. Lasts Itynger! 3-year guarantee against breait- age. OnemaTiaioMepullsstubbornstumps in few minutes at low cost, due to won- derful leverage principle.^ One man and Horse Power models. Shipment from nearest distributing point saves time and freight. Write for FREE BOOK and Special Agent's Pronisition— tod""'
"""^^^^^^^ Special Agenc s rronnsitinn—i'H'^--
A. J. KIRSTIW CO.. 350E.Morrison St., Portland, On
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 33
Pacific Evaporator
WANN PATENTS
Demonstration Plant will be Built in Oregon in Early Summer Produces Finest Quality of Prunes, Apples and Other Fruits
We have considered the problems of the fruit growers of Oregon and are preparing to demon- strate how they may be solved.
AVe expect to build a plant of commercial capa- city in the heart of the prune district of Western Oregon in the early summer.
Pacific Evaporator is the need of the Oregon growers. It is the best ' in the market and will enable you to produce the best quality, get the maximum quantity and insure success.
You can build your own evaporator.
Right to build and operate, including plans and specifications, are for sale by Pacific Evaporator Company. Write for detailed information.
With these directions and the instruction of our superintendent, who will come to your ranch and explain to you or your contractor how to proceed, you can build for yourself, using your old mate- rials, old buildings, surplus lumber, anything.
The construction is simple and inexpensive.
Or we can arrange to have sent to you a com- plete unit or units, practically all materials cut to size, with the same superintendence.
The heating plant will take almost any kind of fuel— oil, wood, coal, distillate. The complete con- trol of the temperature and the circulation of air through the drying compartment enables the oper- ator to prevent any harm to product under course of evaporation by holding sufficient humidity or running dry air, as the case may demand.
We would advise you not to take up any other plan until you have investigated ours.
If you will write now, stating variety of fruit and tonnage, we will give you an estimate of your needs. When the plant is built in Oregon we will notify you and make an appointment for an inspection.
Pacific Evaporator will efficiently dry any fruit or vegetable.
It will appeal particularly to the prune men.
We recommend it to the numerous growers of Italian prunes in Oregon.
The owners of Pacific Evaporator are thoroughly familiar with the handling of the Italian prune. They have planted several orchards in California and half of these are devoted to this variety.
Pacific Evaporator will greatly improve the quality of your product and increase your output.
John T. Wann, inventor of the Pacific Evapor- ator, was raised in Oregon, and is familiar with the needs of the orchardists of that state. He is also thoroughly familiar with the various types of evaporators now in use in Oregon.
Pacific Evaporator has proved successful in the prune districts of California. It has been used for years and has proved itself capable of quality pro- duction in commercial quantities.
As to quality, the prune, evaporated by this process, has proved itself superior to, and has sold at a premium over the famous sun-dried fruit of California.
Pacific Evaporator will give you a product that will command premium prices and the expense will be less to you than by any other method.
Professor W. V. Cruess of the Agricultural Ex- periment Station, University of California, speak- ing of evaporators and their advantages at a fruit growers' convention in Chico, said:
"The most beautiful dried prunes that have ever come to my attention were dried by the Wann brothers of Healdsburg."
The prunes to which he referred had been dried by the evaporator invented by John T. Wann, now known as Pacific Evaportor.
Write to Our Office and Give Us Your Requirements
Pacific Evaporator Company
WANN PATENTS
ROBERT C. NEWELL, WM. C. MURDOCH, JOHN T. WANN, 427 First National Bank Building
SAN FRANCISCO
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 34
BETTER FRUIT
April, Ip20
Insects and Diseases of the Loganberry
By W. S. Brown, Chief of the Division of Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural College
THE loganberry is not affected by many serious insect pests. The three that seem to do the most damage are the raspberry cane maggot, the leaf hopper, and the raspberry rootborer.
The cane maggot causes the cane to wilt or droop. A careful examination will disclose a bluish ring just under the bark near the surface of the ground. The cane should be cut off just below this ring and destroyed. This will kill the maggots working within.
The leaf hoppers are sucking insects. They do their damage by sucking out plant juices from the leaves and young canes. They should be attacked while young or in the nymph stage. They may be killed by some contact remedy such as whale-oil soap, one pound to ten gallons of water; kerosene emulsion 10 per cent solution; or a mixture of Black-leaf 40, one-half pint, plus four pounds of whale-oil soap, to 100 gallons of water.
The root borer, when present, causes the infested plant to become yellowed and the berries to be small and seedy. Two years are required for the borer to mature. The first season it attacks the young canes, girdling them near the surface of the soil. The injured canes may be readily observed in late sum- mer, lying flat on the ground with the foliage wilted. With a heavy pair of gloves the injured cane can be given a twist that will break it off at the girdle. In most cases the borer will remain in the detached cane, which should be re- moved from the field.
The most serious diseases are the crown gall, mushroom root rot, and anthracnose. When affected by crown gall the plants gradually turn yellow and lose their vigor. By a careful ex- amination corky swellings will be found on the roots, usually near the surface of the ground, but often on the smaller roots. This trouble occurs very frequently as a swelling or canker along the side of the cane.
Mushroom root rot is a fungous trouble which attacks the roots of the plants, finally causing their death. The disease grows on old tree roots and stumps, and is more apt to affect plants set out on newly cleared land. When affected with either of the above dis- eases, the plants, with their roots, should be removed at once and burned. No new plants should be set in their places before three years have elapsed.
A fungous disease called anthracnose seems to have done more damage to the loganberry than any other trouble in the state. It is a disease causing light- ish-gray spots to appear on the leaves and canes of the plant, and may attack the drupelets of the fruit, also, causing them to turn a light gray color. Or- dinarily this disease can be kept under control by carefully cutting out the old vines after fruiting and burning them. If at this time some of the new canes are found to be infested seriously they should be thinned out, also. When the infection becomes serious, spraying
with bordeaux mixture 4-4-50 is recom- mended. The mixture is best applied with a resin fish-oil sticker, to improve the sticking and spreading qualities of the bordeaux. The first application should come about the time the first leaves have attained good size. The second spraying should be applied just before the blossoms open and the third may be put on about the end of summer.
in case new infections begin to make their appearance on the young canes and foliage. To protect the fruit, some colorless mixture, like Burgundy mix- ture, should be applied about two weeks after the petals fall. The resin fish-oil sticker should be used with this also. The formula for Burgundy mixture is as follows: Two pounds copper sul- phate (bluestone), three pounds sodium carbonate (washing soda) and 100 gal- lons of water. Mix each of the chemi- cals separately with water before bringing them together.
ETTING breakfast isn't the tedious job it used to be, thanks to modern con- veniences— and Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate. Besides, the **Ghirardelli breakfast" is not only much easier to prepare, but it's also more wholesome, more nutritious, more sustaining! ,Ghirardelli's is food and drink both!
Never sold in bulk — but in cans only. In -V^ lb., 1 lb. and 3 lb. sealed cans— at the store where you do your trading.
Say Gear-ar-delly
Since 1852
D. GHIRARDELLI CO.
San Francisco
(F6)
GHIRARDEUIS
Ground Chocolate
PI IIMr^m TDirC' DDIIKim the missing link in the rmnufcif I wCiCi rwuwtii orchard pruning equipment
Three times as speedy as the saw. Makes smooth cuts. Operator stands on ground to perform most of his work. Easy to keep sharp.
Write for circulars and prices. d. H. WATTS, Kerrmoor, Pa.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 35
YuB/l
Orchardists Say—
I bought my Yuba because — **I can get close to the trees — *'It turns in a narrow headland — **It cultivates at high speed — **It's a one-man outfit — **It's big enough for a subsoiler — I can work right after irrigation-
YUBA MANUFACTURING CO., 433 California St., San Francisco Factories : Marysville and Benicia, California
IballtreadtraciorI
Yuba Products Co.
905 First Ave., Spokane, Wash.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 36
BETTER FRUIT
April, ig20
Department of Agriculture, Etc.
Continued on page 10.
all rooms except the two middle rooms on the north side, which were equipped for special low temperature work and have two inches more insulation and correspondingly heavier doors. A brine coil is hung on one side of each room and is covered with a baffle board open at the top and bottom to permit the circulation of air over the coil. One section of this baffle board is hinged to allow access to the coils. Next to this block of finished rooms is space for four more rooms. It is planned to complete these in the near future. The handling room is located next to this space and is equipped with tables for sorting, scales, trucks, and the various paraphernalia of a cold storage plant. In one corner of this room is the ele- vator shaft.
The second floor is divided in the same general way as the first, eight cold storage rooms being directly over the first floor rooms and the unfinished storage space and handling room occu- pying the same relation to the storage rooms as in the first floor plan. The space over the engine room, 42x26 ft. is a well-equipped plant physiological laboratory. This laboratory is, of course, an exceedingly important part of the equipment, as the physiological aspects of storage are particularly em- phasized in the work.
The importance of plant physiologi- cal work in connection with cold stor- age is evident when it is considered that most fruits and vegetables are stored alive and the problem is to keep them alive and in an attractive condi- tion until they are to be used. The de- termination of the best condition for storage of any particular fruit or vege- tables then requires a study of the life processes which go on in it after it is removed from the tree or the soil where it was grown, together with a study of the eff'ect of the various en- vironmental conditions obtaining in a storage plant upon these processes. The harvesting and handling of the produce before storage and the conditions under which it is grown often markedly in- fluence the storage life. These factors must be considered in fundamental studies.
There are a number of problems re- lating to the storage of fruits and vege- tables under investigation at the pres- ent time. One of particular interest is the determination of the effect of freez- ing temperatures on various kinds of fruits and vegetables. This includes determining the actual freezing points of the tissue, the temperature at which frost injury occurs, for it is, of course, possible that certain fruits or vege- tables may be injured by low tempera- tures without the tissue actually freez- ing, and the effect of freezing on the produce. The development of methods for defrosting and methods for the util- ization of frozen produce are also un- der investigation.
Another problem of rather wide ap- plication under investigation is the ef- fect of gases, such as carbon dioxide.
carbon monoxide, and the various gases given off" by car heaters, on fruits and vegetables. The effect of varying de- grees of humidity on fruits and vege- tables is also receiving considerable at- tention. Other problems of less general interest have been taken up, such as the cold storage of celery, and the changes which take place during stor- age in grapefruit, pears, apples and tomatoes.
The number of problems under in- vestigation at any one time is, of course, limited by the size of the staff and the funds available. An effort will be made to take up, as rapidly as pos- sible, the problems of fundamental im- portance to the cold storage of fruits and vegetables. It is hoped that results of value both to the producer and to the cold storage industry will be ob- tained in this plant.
Put WOOD-LARK on Guard
Gophers can't resist eating WOOD -LARK; eating it they must die. Sprinkle WOOD -LARK in the gopher runs now and stop the spring multiplying of these destructive pests.
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j /t^ WHAT EVERY HOME CANNER SHOULD HAVE 1
i ey^M " 1 (^NE of our H.& A. Hand Power Double Seamers. =
s 0 taa It is the only hand power seamer built that will seal all = i <^S_-> sizes ot sanitary fruit and vegetable cans. Write for prices § s and descriptive matte^ to Department T. §
I r- HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO., Portland, Ore. |
i ^ Builders of Seamen and Steam Pressure Canning Outfits i
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MUSICAL |
WE SAVE YOU MONEY! |
SHEET |
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W. Martius Music House Inc. |
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1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington |
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Everytiiing Known in iVIusic |
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Are you helping to pay the $75,000,000 toll taken from the growers of the country annually by Jack Frost? The Bolton Heater is
Largest Bnd Pipe
slock of Surface Irrigation Pipe Equipemenl on the Pacific Coast
The Safest Means of Frost Prevention
Don't experiment with makeshift methods. Bolton Orchard Heaters are sure. They main- tain the temperature, distribute the heat uni- formly, and prevent frost damage.
Send for Booklet 5
Tells you all about frost prevention. Filled with valuable information for the grower. W. R. AMES CO.,
8th and Irwin Streets
San Francisco, Calif.
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
April, ip20
BETTER FRUIT
Page 37
LAB ELS and CARTONS
Ikvorcd and used
packers of fruits* and canned ^oods
institution that sticks to its las f
SAN FRANCISCO-'STOCKTON-'SEArTLE Sales Offices^Portland^Fresno Sacramento
WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT
Page 38
The Successful Man Thinks Ahead
The man who wants to en- joy profits tomorrow must plan for them today.
Such a man must have adequate banking connec- tion. The Ladd & Tilton Bank is equipped by experi- ence and knowledge of mod- ern methods to be of value to its customers in any phase of business.
LADD & TILTON BANK
Oldest in the Northwest Portland, Oregon
Washington and Third
Established 1882
^ Company
Printers
WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well. We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other